“…Hydrogen fuel applications in IC engines are developing rapidly because of their high thermal efficiency and being free of greenhouse gas emission (CO 2 ) [22,23]. High brake thermal efficiency was mainly caused by high flame propagation speed and quenching distances for pure hydrogen fuel [24,25] and hydrogen fuel addition in different types of fuel such as ethanol [26], natural gas [27], n-butanol [28], gasoline [11], and diesel [29].…”