Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis and Ipsilateral Subretinal Drusenoid Deposits

Abstract

Purpose Subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDDs) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are strongly associated with vasculopathies such as myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. This study evaluates ischemic stroke subjects for SDDs to determine whether ocular hypoperfusion from internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis is associated with ipsilateral SDDs. Methods A cross-sectional study at Mount Sinai Hospital recruited 39 subjects with ischemic stroke (aged 52–90; 18 women, 21 men); 28 completed all study procedures. Computed tomography (CT) of the head and neck evaluated 54/56 ICAs for stenosis criteria: none (n = 33), mild (n = 12), moderate (n = 3), severe (n = 3), and complete (n = 3). Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scans were read to consensus by two masked graders for soft drusen, SDDs and choroidal thickness (CTh; choroidal thinning = CTh < 250 µm). Univariate testing was done with Fisher's exact test. Multivariate logistic regression models tested age, gender, and ICA stenosis as covariates. Results Moderate or more ICA stenosis (≥50%–69%) was significantly associated with ipsilateral choroidal thinning ( P = 0.021) and ipsilateral SDDs ( P = 0.005); the latter were present distal to six of nine stenosed ICAs versus five of 33 normal ICAs. Mild ICA stenosis (≥1%–49%) was not significantly associated with ipsilateral SDDs. Multivariate regression found that older age ( P = 0.015) and moderate or more ICA stenosis ( P = 0.011) remained significant independent risks for ipsilateral SDDs. Conclusions At least moderate ICA stenosis (≥50%–69%) is strongly associated with ipsilateral SDDs and choroidal thinning, supporting downstream ophthalmic artery and choroidal hypoperfusion from ICA stenosis as the mechanism for SDD formation. SDDs may thus serve as sensitive biomarkers for ischemic stroke and other vascular diseases.