Internal Capsule Plaque and Tonic Spasms in Multiple Sclerosis

Paroxysmal dystonia and neuromyelitis optica

“…Paroxysmal dystonia, also called tonic spasm, is an uncommon movement disorder in association with multiple sclerosis (MS) 2,4 . These abnormal involuntary movements can occur at the initial presentation or at relapses of MS 5,6 and are known to disappear within a few weeks spontaneously or after steroid treatment. It is believed that tonic spasms occur at any level in a motor path.…”

Anatomic correlates of painful tonic spasms in multiple sclerosis

“…10 When the group with PTS [1][2][3][4][5]8 and the one with pain-free attacks 6,7,9,10 were compared, there were no significant differences in mean age of onset of tonic spasms or mean duration of MS. They differed, however, in sex ratio.…”

Paroxysmal Urinary Incontinence Associated with Multiple Sclerosis

“…It has been suggested that paroxysmal attacks in pa tients with MS are of epileptic origin and caused by an ephaptic transmission of ectopic activation in the demyelinating lesions in brainstem or spinal cord [6,7,9]. Based on the neurological findings which indicated the lesion in the brainstem, in conjunction with the results of magnetic resonance imaging, it is likely in the present case that the demyelinatcd lesion responsible for paroxysmal urinary incontinence was located in the right rostral pons and that ectopic excitation of this region caused detrusor contrac tions with coordinated urethral relaxation observed in the urodynamic study.…”

“…Paroxysmal attacks were occasionally induced by hyperventilation in this patient. It has been suggested that demyelination causes axons to be hyper sensitive to minor insults and that paroxysmal attacks could be triggered by reduction of ionized calcium after hyperventilation [9].…”