Internal and Near-Nozzle Flow of a Pressure-Swirl Atomizer Under Varied Fuel Temperature

Moon, Seoksu; Bae, Choongsik; Abo-Serie, Essam; Choi, Jaehoon

doi:10.1615/atomizspr.v17.i6.30

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Most studies to date have focused on cavitation imaging inside optical models of diesel nozzles, typically enlarged by factors [15][16][17][18][19][20][11][12][13][14][15] with some studies on real-size nozzles with optical access (ranging from 0.2 to 1.5 mm in diameter with various hole lengths). [5][6][7][8][9][10][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Limited experimental work can be found on quantitative flow data in real or large-scale diesel or spark-ignition injectors, for example, particle image velocimetry (PIV) work by Aleiferis et al 23,24 in 103 and 203 models, and also by Allen et al, 7 Khoo and Hargreave 8 and Walther et al 25,26 in real-size pressure-swirl (for sparkignition engines) and single/multi-hole diesel injectors, respectively. This research has led to questions of whether the cavitation phenomena in injector nozzles are scalable, even when the Reynolds and cavitation numbers have been matched on the enlarged models.…”

Section: Spray Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a real-size optical injector nozzle for studies of cavitation, spray formation and flash-boiling at conditions relevant to direct-injection spark-ignition engines

Butcher

Aleiferis

Richardson

2013

International Journal of Engine Research

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High-pressure multi-hole injectors for direct-injection spark-ignition engines have shown enhanced fuel atomisation and flexibility in fuel targeting by selection of the number and angle of the nozzle holes. The nozzle internal flow is known to influence the characteristics of spray formation; hence, understanding its mechanisms is essential for improving mixture preparation. However, currently, no data exist for fuel temperatures representative of real engine operation, especially at low-load high-temperature conditions with early injection strategies that can lead to phase change due to fuel flashboiling upon injection. This challenge is further complicated by the predicted fuel stocks, which may include new (e.g. bio-derived) components. The physical/chemical properties of such components can differ markedly from gasoline, and it is important to have the capability to study their effects on in-nozzle flow and spray formation, taking under consideration their different chemical compatibilities with optical materials as well. The current article presents the design and development of a real-size quartz optical nozzle, 200 mm in diameter, suitable for high-temperature applications and also compatible with new fuels such as alcohols. First, the internal geometry of a typical real multi-hole injector was analysed by electron microscopy. Mass flow was measured, and relevant fluid mechanics dimensionless parameters were derived. Laser and mechanical drilling of the quartz nozzle holes were compared. Abrasive flow machining of the optical nozzles was also performed and analysed by microscopy in comparison to the real injector. Initial validation results with a highspeed camera showed successful imaging of microscopic in-nozzle flow and cavitation phenomena, coupled to downstream spray formation, under a variety of conditions including high fuel temperature flash-boiling effects. The current work used gasoline and iso-octane to provide proof-of-concept images of the optical nozzle, and future work will include testing of a range of fuels, some of which will also be bio-derived.

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Section: Spray Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a real-size optical injector nozzle for studies of cavitation, spray formation and flash-boiling at conditions relevant to direct-injection spark-ignition engines

Butcher

Aleiferis

Richardson

2013

International Journal of Engine Research

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“…The larger the rate of vaporisation, the greater the extent of spray collapse seen on a macroscopic level. A recent study by Moon et al [16] also investigated temperature effects on in-nozzle flow and spray formation but used a pressure-swirl atomiser. They too found that although the spray angle was higher near the nozzle exit, the spray collapsed more rapidly when the fuel temperature increased.…”

Section: Nozzle Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most previous studies have focused on cavitation imaging in optical models of Diesel nozzles, typically enlarged 20, with few studies on real-size nozzles [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Moreover, only limited work can be found on quantitative flow data in scaled-up or real Diesel and gasoline injectors, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although studies of cavitation have been carried out in real-size Diesel injectors with optical access, previous work in real-size DISI injectors is limited and has focused on single-hole pressure-swirl atomisers [13][14][15][16]. These studies showed that the swirl flow generates a vortex in the nozzle after the pintle opening, 5 which begins at the nozzle's exit and draws a swirling aircore (cavitation) into the nozzle hole until it attaches to the pintle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apart from a recent study on flash boiling inside pressure-swirl injectors by Moon et al [16] which will be discussed in the results section of this paper, none of the previous studies on optical injectors were extended to compare various fuels, temperatures or examine flows at conditions close to flash boiling. However, such phenomena are very important because DISI injectors are mounted in the engine head and experience a wide range of operating conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Cavitation, primary break-up and flash boiling of gasoline, iso-octane and n-pentane with a real-size optical direct-injection nozzle

Serras-Pereira

Romunde

Aleiferis

et al. 2010

Fuel

130

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Improvements to the direct-injection spark-ignition combustion system are necessary if the potential reductions in fuel consumption and emissions are to be fully realized in the near future. One critical link in the optimization process is the design and performance of the injectors used for fuel atomization. Multi-hole injectors have become the state-of-the-art choice for gasoline direct injection engines due to their flexibility in fuel targeting by selection of the number and angle of the nozzle holes, as well as due to their demonstrated stability of performance under a wide range of operating conditions. Recently there has been increased attention devoted to the study of the flow through the internal passages of injectors because of the presence of particular fluid phenomena, such as large scale vortical motion and cavitation patterns, which have been shown to influence the characteristics of primary break-up. Understanding how cavitation can be used to improve spray atomisation is essential for optimising mixture preparation quality under early injection and stratified engine operating conditions but currently no data exist for injector-body temperatures representative of real engine operation, particularly at low-load conditions that can also lead to phase change due to fuel flash boiling. This paper outlines results from an experimental imaging investigation into the effects of fuel properties, temperature and pressure conditions on the extent of cavitation, flash boiling and, subsequently, primary break-up. This was achieved by the use of a real-size transparent nozzle of a gasoline injector from a modern direct-injection combustion system. Gasoline, iso-octane and n-pentane fuels were used at 20 and 90 °C injector-body temperatures for ambient pressures of 0.5 bar and 1.0 bar in order to simulate early homogeneous injection strategies for part-load and wide-open-throttle engine operation.3

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Numerical investigation of the impact of fuel temperature on spray characteristics in a pressure-swirl atomizer with spiral path

Aminjan,

Sedaghat,

Heidari

et al. 2024

Exp. Comput. Multiph. Flow

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Internal and Near-Nozzle Flow of a Pressure-Swirl Atomizer Under Varied Fuel Temperature

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Development of a real-size optical injector nozzle for studies of cavitation, spray formation and flash-boiling at conditions relevant to direct-injection spark-ignition engines

Development of a real-size optical injector nozzle for studies of cavitation, spray formation and flash-boiling at conditions relevant to direct-injection spark-ignition engines

Cavitation, primary break-up and flash boiling of gasoline, iso-octane and n-pentane with a real-size optical direct-injection nozzle

Numerical investigation of the impact of fuel temperature on spray characteristics in a pressure-swirl atomizer with spiral path

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