Internal and External Training Load: 15 Years On

External Workload Can Be Anticipated During 5 vs. 5 Games-Based Drills in Basketball Players: An Exploratory Study

“…Moreover, as team sport coaches prescribe training using external workloads to bring about desired internal responses in players, it is more practical to be able to anticipate external workload and perform real-time monitoring of internal workload to ensure players are responding accordingly [4]. Consequently, to our knowledge, this study is the first to anticipate player workload using external measures in team sports, providing novel outcomes specific to basketball.…”

“…Although the activities undertaken during these periods vary in terms of movement pattern, intensity, and duration, basketball players are required to perform extensive sprinting and high-intensity shuffling activity highlighting the need to perform repeated maximum efforts during game-play [1,2] Quantifying and managing player workloads is therefore essential and enables basketball coaches to prescribe training and recovery plans that best promote favorable performance while reducing the likelihood of maladaptive responses such as illness, injury, and overtraining [3]. Player workloads can be categorized as external, representing the physical stimuli imposed, or internal, representing the psycho-physiological response of players to the external stimuli [4]. Although it is beneficial to quantify external and internal workloads in combination, the external workload is manipulated by basketball coaches to elicit the desired responses in players [4].…”

“…Player workloads can be categorized as external, representing the physical stimuli imposed, or internal, representing the psycho-physiological response of players to the external stimuli [4]. Although it is beneficial to quantify external and internal workloads in combination, the external workload is manipulated by basketball coaches to elicit the desired responses in players [4]. Consequently, it is important for external workloads to be accurately prescribed and quantified as players may be susceptible to negative consequences if insufficient or excessive demands are experienced.…”

The Contribution of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to the Understanding of the Effects of Acute Physical Exercise on Cognition

“…In this regard, it is important to acknowledge that exercise intensity can be specified and operationalized by using either parameters of external load (e.g., cycling while sustaining a distinct level of mean power output, i.e., in watts) or markers of internal load (e.g., cycling at a distinct percentage of the subject's maximum heart rate) [137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145]. While the external load is characterized by the work completed by an individual independent of internal characteristics (e.g., the mean power output in watts over a distinct time duration and at a specific cadence), the internal load (e.g., heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, or blood lactate response) is characterized by the psychophysiological response(s) to the external load and the influencing factors, such as personal characteristics (e.g., training status, sleep, nutrition, or genetics) and environmental factors (e.g., room temperature) [137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145]. In the literature, the product of exercise intensity, exercise duration, and type of physical exercise is commonly referred to as the dose [33,136], whereas a newer approach refines this definition and proposes that this dose can be objectified by using a specific marker(s) of the internal load as a proxy [29,138].…”

Effect Of Progressive Fatigue On Session Rpe

“…Subsequently, to quantify the exercise training load, sRPE is multiplied by the duration of training. Thus, the sRPE-derived training load may be used as an indicator of internal training load [15]. Recent evidence suggests that sRPE not only provides information related to intensity, but also conveys information about progressive fatigue [16].…”