Internal and external migrations of pensioners in Poland: A directional typology

Abstract

The article presents an analysis of directions of internal and international migrations undertaken by Polish pensioners. A typology of migration directions is proposed. We use the method of a table of signs to define five major types of pensioner migrations. We show the variability of these types over time, from the Type J (moderately mobile, consistent) in the 1990s to the Type H (moderately mobile, mixed) at present. A detailed analysis reveals a major difference between international and internal migrations: The former are mainly due to economic reasons and the latter to reasons related to housing. The obtained results allow us to conclude that pensioner migrations constitute an important factor in the social and economic development of local communities, especially in the day and age of society ageing and lengthening life expectancy.

Analyzing the Main Determinants for Being an Immigrant in Cuenca (Ecuador) Based on a Fuzzy Clustering Approach

“…It seems that when societies become more prosperous, seniors tend to move to milder climate areas in which their cost of living is lower. This evidence is in line with the findings of [21,32,34], in which the main determinants for immigrants are not exclusively formed by the mild climate and proximity to the sea, but also for the beautiful landscape, culture, gastronomy and a good presence of commercial areas. For example, the pensioner migration from Great Britain to Tuscany has a long tradition, and the destination is selected because of its mild climate conditions, the seaside proximity, its beautiful landscape, high culture, and its great lifestyle immortalized with the concept of the Italian "dolce vita" [34].…”

“…Regarding the programs for pensioners, the results are in the same line of [27,34,68], in which individuals choose their emigration destinations due to policies that support pensioners and foreigners from host countries, but above all, they require to be able to take advantage of medical assistance. In this context, retirees spend a high monthly average fee on taxes, entertainment, medical services, and so on in their destinations.…”

“…Thus, the list of thirty items correspond to the categories of factors that include economic variables, globalization, political variables, social variables, cultural variables and access variables [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Other items were obtained from the items included in the studies of secondary houses as these are also related to the objective of the study [31][32][33][34][35].…”

Dynamic Villages in the Hinterland of a Polycentric Region: Case Study of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolis in Poland

“…The research of Pytel [63,64] confirms the attractiveness of rural areas in Poland in the hinterland of large agglomerations also for retirees who contribute to the growth of jobs. It is also seen in different countries.…”

Strefy wpływu miast a migracje ludności w regionie policentrycznym

“…W regionie śląskim wzrost napływu ludności zaznaczył się w gminach wiejskich położonych w strefach podmiejskich dużych miast, w mniejszym stopniu w strefach miast średnich i małych (Runge, 2017;Zuzańska-Żyśko, 2002). Największa intensywność tych procesów obserwowana jest w gminach wiejskich, które bezpośrednio sąsiadują z miastami centralnymi (Heffner, Marszał, 2008;Pytel, 2017;Pytel, Rahmonov, Ruman, 2020;Słodczyk, 2011;Spórna, 2018;Zuzańska--Żyśko, Pytel, Koman, 2016). Migracje na wieś wiążą się z powiększaniem obszaru zabudowy i urban sprawl.…”