Intermodulation atomic force microscopy

Platz, Daniel; Tholén, Erik A.; Pesen, Devrim; Haviland, David B.

doi:10.1063/1.2909569

Cited by 145 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…47 Extracting such information robustly while enhancing the throughput and sensitivity is thus one of the main driving forces behind the recent developments in dAFM techniques. 20,23,[48][49][50][51] It is also worth noting that force reconstruction maps in DC modes, i.e. quasistatic modes, suffer from stability issues resulting in the so-called "jump-to-contact" where information for a range of distances is lost.…”

Section: 37mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19 Other multifrequency methods might simultaneously employ exural and torsional excitation, 71 drive the cantilever at two different frequencies close to the rst resonance 48 or exploit band excitation 72 to increase the throughput and quantication. In summary, multifrequency methods achieve high throughput and simultaneous quanti-cation by cleverly circumventing the problems involved with the requirement of d m methods for decreasing the cantilever separation at a point.…”

Section: 70mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Single cycle and transient force measurements in dynamic atomic force microscopy

Gadelrab¹,

Santos²,

Font

et al. 2013

Nanoscale

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The monitoring of the deflection of a micro-cantilever, as the end of a sharp probe mounted at its end, i.e. the tip, interacts with a surface, forms the foundation of atomic force microscopy AFM. In a nutshell, developments in the field are driven by the requirement of obtaining ever increasing throughput and sensitivity, and enhancing the versatility of the instrument to simultaneously map the topography and quantify nanoscale processes and properties. In the most common dynamic mode of operation, the motion of the driven cantilever is monitored at a single point on its longitudinal axis. Here, we show that from this single point a waveform is obtained that contains all the details about conservative and dissipative interactions. Then a formalism that accounts for multiple arbitrary flexural modes is developed for an indirectly driven cantilever. The formalism is shown to allow recovery of the details of the interaction even in the presence of complex and relevant hysteretic forces when the cantilever oscillates in the steady state. In a different approach, we develop a formalism that monitors the wave profile of the cantilever, i.e. the waveform at five different points on its longitudinal axis. With this formalism the interaction can be reconstructed during a single oscillation cycle even in the transient state of oscillation. Finally, we discuss the potential and advantages of the proposed methods and future technical challenges. Other standard and state of the art techniques and methods are also discussed and compared with the ones presented here. This work should also provide insight into the current high throughput-high sensitivity developments dealing with multifrequency dynamic AFM where information is recovered from multiple eigenmodes.

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Section: 37mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 70mentioning

confidence: 99%

Single cycle and transient force measurements in dynamic atomic force microscopy

Gadelrab¹,

Santos²,

Font

et al. 2013

Nanoscale

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“…Atomic force microscopy community also has developed multifrequency techniques for scanning the surface of a sample using a cantilever [16,17]. One such technique excites the fundamental mechanical mode of a resonator using two frequencies and detects intermodulation (mixing) products created by strong non-linear interactions of the system [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probing Liquid $$^4$$ 4 He with Quartz Tuning Forks Using a Novel Multifrequency Lock-in Technique

et al. 2016

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We report on a novel technique to measure quartz tuning forks, and possibly other vibrating objects, in a quantum fluid using a multifrequency lock-in amplifier. The multifrequency technique allows to measure the resonance curve of a vibrating object much faster than a conventional single frequency lock-in amplifier technique. Forks with resonance frequencies of 12 kHz and 16 kHz were excited and measured electro-mechanically either at a single frequency or at up to 40 different frequencies simultaneously around the same mechanical mode. The response of each fork was identical for both methods and validates the use of the multifrequency lock-in technique to probe properties of liquid helium at low fork velocities. Using both methods we measured the resonance frequency and drag of two 25-µm-wide quartz tuning forks immersed in liquid 4 He in the temperature range from 4.2 K to 1.5 K at saturated vapour pressure. The damping and shift of resonance frequency experienced by both tuning forks at low velocities are well described by hydrodynamic contributions in the framework of the two-fluid model. The sensitivity of the 25-µm-wide tuning forks is larger compared to similar 75-µm-wide forks and in combination with the faster multifrequency lock-in technique could be used to improve thermometry in liquid 4 He. The multifrequency technique could also be used for studies of the onset of non-linear phenomena such as quantum turbulence and cavitation in superfluids.Keywords Superfluid 4 He · Hydrodynamic damping · Quartz tuning fork · Multifrequency lock-in amplifier B V. Tsepelin

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“…In this driving scheme the amplitude and phase at both drive frequencies are recorded as information channels. Since the feedback keeps only the amplitude at the first drive frequency constant, the oscillation at the second frequency can respond to a change of surface composition with minimal backaction [15,16].Intermodulation AFM (IMAFM) [17] combines the high information content of harmonics imaging with strong signal enhancement that occurs on resonance. IMAFM is inherently simpler than the aforementioned techniques because it uses only one cantilever eigenmode, making optimal use of the force sensors mechanical bandwidth.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intermodulation AFM (IMAFM) [17] combines the high information content of harmonics imaging with strong signal enhancement that occurs on resonance. IMAFM is inherently simpler than the aforementioned techniques because it uses only one cantilever eigenmode, making optimal use of the force sensors mechanical bandwidth.…”

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confidence: 99%

Phase imaging with intermodulation atomic force microscopy

et al. 2010

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Intermodulation atomic force microscopy (IMAFM) is a dynamic mode of atomic force microscopy (AFM) with two-tone excitation. The oscillating AFM cantilever in close proximity to a surface experiences the nonlinear tip-sample force which mixes the drive tones and generates new frequency components in the cantilever response known as intermodulation products (IMPs). We present a procedure for extracting the phase at each IMP and demonstrate phase images made by recording this phase while scanning. Amplitude and phase images at intermodulation frequencies exhibit enhanced topographic and material contrast.Key words: atomic force microscopy, intermodulation, multifrequency AFM, phase imaging IntoductionSince its invention by Binnig et al. [1], the atomic force microscope (AFM) has become one of the most widely used tools in nanoscience. In the first applications of AFM only the sample topography was measured by monitoring the static deflection of the AFM cantilever. The introduction of dynamic AFM with an oscillating cantilever brought various improvements, such as much lower measurement back action which greatly reduced damage to soft samples while imaging. In addition, the ability to measure the phase lag between the cantilever response and the exciting force, opened a new information channel to record while scanning. These "phase images" enabled compositional mapping of surfaces with dynamic AFM. The standard interpretation relates the measured phase lag to the energy dissipation resulting from the tip-sample interaction [2]. This interpretation is based on the assumption that the cantilever response is sinusoidal and only at the drive frequency, as in a linear approximation.More recently, the attention of the dynamic AFM community has focused on the nonlinear nature of the tipsample interaction [3,4,5,6]. It has been realized that the higher harmonics of the tip-motion carry valuable information about the tip-sample interaction. Each higher harmonic represents two new information channels (amplitude and phase) that can be recorded while scanning. Higher harmonic amplitudes and phases have been used for imaging both under ambient conditions and in liquids [7,8,9]. With a sufficient number of these information channels, a quantitative reconstruction of the tip-sample force is possible without measuring amplitude-distance curves [10,11]. * Corresponding author Email address: haviland@kth.se (David B. Haviland) However, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for higher harmonics measurements is usually very poor because the harmonics are in general not located at a cantilever resonance. Various efforts have been made to improve the signal detection, for example by modifying the cantilever design [12]. Other approaches to increase the information acquired while scanning involve multifrequency excitations like bimodal AFM [13] or band excitation [14]. With bimodal AFM, two excitation tones are applied at the first two flexural eigenmodes of the cantilever. In this driving scheme the amplitude and phase at both dri...

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Intermodulation atomic force microscopy

Cited by 145 publications

References 17 publications

Single cycle and transient force measurements in dynamic atomic force microscopy

Single cycle and transient force measurements in dynamic atomic force microscopy

Probing Liquid $$^4$$ 4 He with Quartz Tuning Forks Using a Novel Multifrequency Lock-in Technique

Phase imaging with intermodulation atomic force microscopy

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