Intermodulated Optogalvanic Spectroscopy - A Comparison With Other High Resolution Techniques

Investigations of hyperfine structure and isotope shift predictions in Hf II

“…High resolution studies of hyperfine structures (HFSs) and optical isotope shifts (ISs) were facilitated by the development of laser saturated‐absorption spectroscopy techniques, which provided access to spectral line shapes that are free from Doppler broadening and, hence, reveal fine details of a system's atomic structure by means of the IS and HFS of its spectral lines1. Furthermore, the use of atomic vapor produced by sputtering in a hollow‐cathode discharge has permitted Doppler‐free laser techniques to be readily extended to a wide range of atomic systems, including refractory elements such as molybdenum2, 3; tungsten4; zirconium, yttrium, and tantalum5–8; and vanadium9, 10. Nevertheless, only few HFS and IS measurements have been achieved so far for singly ionized atoms such as Zr II and Hf II: for the first, up to now, 14 optical transitions among the 810 classified by Kiess11, 12 have been studied experimentally and for the latter solely two!…”