Intermittent sprint performance in the heat is not altered by augmenting thermal perception via L-Menthol or Capsaicin mouth rinses

Gibson, Oliver; Wrightson, James; Hayes, Mark A.

doi:10.31236/osf.io/tq3gv

Cited by 7 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Oral application (e.g., mouth rinsing) and ingestion of menthol, on the other hand, stimulate the mandibular and maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve, which are predominantly responsible for detection of temperature and nociceptive stimuli across the face and within the oral cavity [41,43], thereby imparting a localised cooling or analgesic effect. Menthol topical application to the skin and menthol mouth rinsing have been predominantly investigated as the mode of administration during exercise [24,28,37,52,69], although a handful of papers have also assessed co-ingestion or the addition of menthol to beverages of varying temperatures [60,61,69].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, to achieve consensus on the isolated uses of menthol in sport, we have not further examined co-ingestion strategies. The panel did not reach consensus for a range of other intermittent [28], dynamic and explosive activities, fine motor movements, or team-based competitive sports, largely due to insufficient research in the field. There remains work to be done in these areas to advance our understanding of the effectiveness of menthol.…”

Section: Activity Typementioning

confidence: 99%

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Menthol as an Ergogenic Aid for the Tokyo 2021 Olympic Games: An Expert-Led Consensus Statement Using the Modified Delphi Method

et al. 2020

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Introduction Menthol topical application and mouth rinsing are ergogenic in hot environments, improving performance and perception, with differing effects on body temperature regulation. Consequently, athletes and federations are beginning to explore the possible benefits to elite sport performance for the Tokyo 2021 Olympics, which will take place in hot (~ 31 °C), humid (70% RH) conditions. There is no clear consensus on safe and effective menthol use for athletes, practitioners, or researchers. The present study addressed this shortfall by producing expert-led consensus recommendations. Method Fourteen contributors were recruited following ethical approval. A three-step modified Delphi method was used for voting on 96 statements generated following literature consultation; 192 statements total (96/96 topical application/mouth rinsing). Round 1 contributors voted to “agree” or “disagree” with statements; 80% agreement was required to accept statements. In round 2, contributors voted to “support” or “change” their round 1 unaccepted statements, with knowledge of the extant voting from round 1. Round 3 contributors met to discuss voting against key remaining statements. Results Forty-seven statements reached consensus in round 1 (30/17 topical application/rinsing); 14 proved redundant. Six statements reached consensus in round 2 (2/4 topical application/rinsing); 116 statements proved redundant. Nine further statements were agreed in round 3 (6/3 topical application/rinsing) with caveats. Discussion Consensus was reached on 62 statements in total (38/24 topical application/rinsing), enabling the development of guidance on safe menthol administration, with a view to enhancing performance and perception in the heat without impairing body temperature regulation.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Activity Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Menthol as an Ergogenic Aid for the Tokyo 2021 Olympic Games: An Expert-Led Consensus Statement Using the Modified Delphi Method

et al. 2020

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“…during self-paced endurance exercise in untrained individuals [224]), but not other (e.g. intermittent sprint/team-sport activity [225]). It is pertinent however, to remind practitioners of the intuitive heat-related illness risk that may follow, from creating a dissociation between an individual's TS and body temperature, and that excessive cooling may inhibit sweating and delay heat loss [226].…”

Section: Acute Heat Alleviationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat alleviation strategies for athletic performance: A review and practitioner guidelines

et al. 2019

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International competition inevitably presents logistical challenges for athletes. Events such as the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games require further consideration given historical climate data suggest athletes will experience significant heat stress. Given the expected climate, athletes face major challenges to health and performance. With this in mind, heat alleviation strategies should be a fundamental consideration. This review provides a focused perspective of the relevant literature describing how practitioners can structure male and female athlete preparations for performance in hot, humid conditions. Whilst scientific literature commonly describes experimental work, with a primary focus on maximizing magnitudes of adaptive responses, this may sacrifice ecological validity, particularly for athletes whom must balance logistical considerations aligned with integrating environmental preparation around training, tapering and travel plans. Additionally, opportunities for sophisticated interventions may not be possible in the constrained environment of the athlete village or event arenas. This review therefore takes knowledge gained from robust experimental work, interprets it and provides direction on how practitioners/coaches can optimize their athletes' heat alleviation strategies. This review identifies two distinct heat alleviation themes that should be considered to form an individualized strategy for the athlete to enhance thermoregulatory/performance physiology. First, chronic heat alleviation techniques are outlined, these describe interventions such as heat acclimation, which are implemented pre, during and posttraining to prepare for the increased heat stress. Second, acute heat alleviation techniques that are implemented immediately prior to, and sometimes during the event are discussed.

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“…To date, only four studies have investigated the ergogenic properties of capsaicin ingestion [64,65,66] or mouth swilling [12] in humans, and as such an array of protocols, dosages and performance measures have been assessed. Three studies have investigated the effect of acute supplementation of capsaicin (12 mg) 45 min prior to athletic performance in a 1500-m running time trial [65], four sets of 70% 1RM repeated squats to failure [13], and time to exhaustion during repeated 15-s treadmill running at 120% VO with 15-s rest intervals [66].…”

Section: Thermal Tastants and Athletic Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Assessment of the physiological responses to taste has not escaped sports scientists, with many 'tastes' now investigated within the literature [11,12,13,14,15] with a view to attenuating fatigue or improving physical or cognitive performance. Depending upon the tastant investigated, impressions of energy availability [16,17], thermal perceptions [11,12,18] and central drive [15,19] may be altered. Secondary outcomes may also include modifications in autonomic function [20,21,22], thirst [23,24] and ventilation [25,26,27], with further downstream effects depending upon whether tastants are ingested or simply rinsed around the oral cavity and expectorated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can taste be ergogenic?

et al. 2020

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Taste is a homeostatic function that conveys valuable information, such as energy density, readiness to eat, or toxicity of foodstuffs. Taste is not limited to the oral cavity but affects multiple physiological systems. In this review, we outline the ergogenic potential of substances that impart bitter, sweet, hot and cold tastes administered prior to and during exercise performance and whether the ergogenic benefits of taste are attributable to the placebo effect. Carbohydrate mouth rinsing seemingly improves endurance performance, along with a potentially ergogenic effect of oral exposure to both bitter tastants and caffeine although subsequent ingestion of bitter mouth rinses is likely required to enhance performance. Hot and cold tastes may prove beneficial in circumstances where athletes' thermal state may be challenged. Efficacy is not limited to taste, but extends to the stimulation of targeted receptors in the oral cavity and throughout the digestive tract, relaying signals pertaining to energy availability and temperature to appropriate neural centres. Dose, frequency and timing of tastant application likely require personalisation to be most effective, and can be enhanced or confounded by factors that relate to the placebo effect,

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Intermittent sprint performance in the heat is not altered by augmenting thermal perception via L-Menthol or Capsaicin mouth rinses

Cited by 7 publications

References 61 publications

Menthol as an Ergogenic Aid for the Tokyo 2021 Olympic Games: An Expert-Led Consensus Statement Using the Modified Delphi Method

Menthol as an Ergogenic Aid for the Tokyo 2021 Olympic Games: An Expert-Led Consensus Statement Using the Modified Delphi Method

Heat alleviation strategies for athletic performance: A review and practitioner guidelines

Can taste be ergogenic?

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