Intermittent photic stimulation as an activation method for electroencephalographic screening of aircrew applicants

Increasing the Yield of EEG

“…This is an abnormal response to IPS characterized by generalized spike-and-slow wave and polyspike-and-slow wave complexes. Although the prevalence of photosensitivity depends on the methods of photic stimulation and definition of the PPR, in nonepileptic individuals its prevalence may be up to 2% (Newmark and Penry, 1979) and was considerably lower in other studies in normal populations (Binnie, 1999;Gregory et al, 1993;Jabbari et al, 2000;Jayakar and Chiappa, 1990;Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite, 2005).…”

“…In recent years there have been several publications designed to help promote standardization of methods of IPS and interpretation of results, because these are subject to large variations in EEG laboratories all over the world (Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite et al, 1999;Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite, 2005;Rubboli et al, 2004;Seishia and Carment, 2005). The procedure is usually performed in a dimly lit room, with the stimulator 30 cm away from the eyes.…”

A pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling zebrafish larval model for evoked recurrent seizures

“…However, in the acute PTZ model of zebrafish larvae, light stimulation has always been applied as a condition lasting for several minutes, in the context of dark incubation before and/or after it (Lin et al, 2018), and the level of locomotion activity might depend on illumination conditions (Yang et al, 2017). In contrast to this long-lasting illumination condition, IPS is a more generally used stimulus for human tests (Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite, 2005), and the evoked responses have been categorized as photomyoclonic responses (PMRs, stimulus-locked) and photoconvulsive responses (PCRs, continuing discharges may evolve to overt epileptic seizures), each of which may involve different neural networks (Martins da Silva and Leal, 2017). We believe that for a successful kindling model of zebrafish larvae, it is necessary to take the evoked responses of IPS into consideration because animal models for photosensitivity and epilepsy have been limited to the baboon ( Papio papio ) (B P-P) and Fayoumi photosensitive chickens (FPCs) for many years (Martins da Silva and Leal, 2017).…”

“…In the current study, we aim to develop a zebrafish larva kindling model that is sensitive to intermittent photic stimulation (IPS). IPS is a standard clinical technique during routine diagnostic EEG for determining photosensitivity, especially for some careers such as pilots or traffic controllers (Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite et al, 2012; Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite, 2005). Though the prevalence of photoconvulsive seizures related to IPS in the general population is as low as approximately 1 per 10,000 and 1 per 4,000 in individuals between the ages of 5 and 24 years, people known to have epilepsy have from a 2% to 14% chance of having seizures precipitated by light or patterns (Fisher et al, 2005; Martins da Silva and Leal, 2017; Padmanaban et al, 2019; Stewart et al, 2012), with the highest prevalence of photosensitivity reported in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) at 30.5% (Poleon and Szaflarski, 2017).…”

“…It is even important for the general population because IPS may evoke seizure-like responses in computer games or video commercials (Fisher et al, 2005). Since the impact of the increased exposure to potentially seizure-triggering visual stimuli may take effect in a more indirect or cumulative way, it will be very useful to have a validated animal model as a screening tool for visual stimuli (Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite, 2005). Here, we suggest a new kindling method for zebrafish larvae that combines low-dose PTZ with visual pattern stimulation.…”