Intermetallics-induced directional growth of Sn whiskers in Sn-3.5Ag coating on Al substrate

Tian, Shuai; Liu, Yushuang; Ma, Qiang; Zhang, Peigen; Zhou, Jian; Xue, Feng; Sun, ZhengMing

doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.148135

Cited by 16 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Using the soldering process, Tian et al studied the directional growth of Sn whiskers on an Al substrate to investigate the effect of intermetallic induction on the growth of whiskers [ 74 ]. An Al substrate with dimensions of 15 mm × 15 mm × 1 mm was pretreated to secure the deoxidization before the soldering process.…”

Section: Manufacturing Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Recent Bio-Inspired Design and Manufacturing of Whisker Tactile Sensors

Sayegh

Daraghma

Mekid

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Whisker sensors are a class of tactile sensors that have recently attracted attention. Inspired by mammals’ whiskers known as mystacial vibrissae, they have displayed tremendous potential in a variety of applications e.g., robotics, underwater vehicles, minimally invasive surgeries, and leak detection. This paper provides a supplement to the recent tactile sensing techniques’ designs of whiskers that only sense at their base, as well as the materials employed, and manufacturing techniques. The article delves into the technical specifications of these sensors, such as the resolution, measurement range, sensitivity, durability, and recovery time, which determine their performance. The sensors’ sensitivity varies depending on the measured physical quantity; for example, the pressure sensors had an intermediate sensitivity of 58%/Pa and a response time of around 90 ms, whereas the force sensors that function based on piezoelectric effects exhibited good linearity in the measurements with a resolution of 3 µN and sensitivity of 0.1682 mV/µN. Some sensors were used to perform spatial mapping and the identification of the geometry and roughness of objects with a reported resolution of 25 nm. The durability and recovery time showed a wide range of values, with the maximum durability being 10,000 cycles and the shortest recovery time being 5 ms. Furthermore, the paper examines the fabrication of whiskers at the micro- and nanoscales, as well as their contributions to mechanical and thermal behavior. The commonly used manufacturing techniques of 3D printing, PDMS casting, and screen printing were used in addition to several micro and nanofabrication techniques such as photolithography, etching, and chemical vapor deposition. Lastly, the paper discusses the main potential applications of these sensors and potential research gaps in this field. In particular, the operation of whisker sensors under high temperatures or high pressure requires further investigation, as does the design of sensors to explore larger topologies.

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Section: Manufacturing Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Recent Bio-Inspired Design and Manufacturing of Whisker Tactile Sensors

Sayegh

Daraghma

Mekid

et al. 2022

Sensors

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“…The mechanism of phase evolution in friction stir welding (FSW) involves several factors including process parameters, temperature, strain rate, residual stress and reaction kinetics. The temperature rise at the Al/Ti interface and the accumulation of residual stresses in the deformed Ti particles promote elemental diffusion [25,26], leading to the formation of intermetallic phases such as AlTi and Al 3 Ti [6,27]. The higher surface-tovolume ratio of fine Ti particles enhances the inter-diffusion of Al and Ti, leading to the formation of more intermetallics compared to large flakes.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Phase Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on Friction Stir Welding Parameters: Mechanical Properties, Correlations and Corrosion Behaviors of Aluminum/Titanium Dissimilar Welds

Kar,

Mathiyalagan,

Malopheyev

et al. 2024

Crystals

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In industrial applications, welding of dissimilar metals such as aluminum (Al) and titanium (Ti) is a prerequisite for the development of hybrid components with improved mechanical and corrosion properties. However, dissimilar welding of the Al/Ti system is highly challenging due to differences in the physical and thermal properties of the two materials. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to fabricate a dissimilar friction stir weld (FSW) of commercially pure Al and Ti and to elucidate the mechanism associated with superior joint formation. The process parameters, such as tool rotation speed, traverse speed and tool offset position have been optimized using Taguchi’s optimization technique. A detailed investigation of the weld with optimum process parameters has been carried out to reveal the mechanism of joint formation. The superior mechanical properties (24% higher ultimate tensile strength and 10% higher ductility than that of base Al) of the weld are attributed to the fabrication of a defect-free joint, formation of intercalated particles and an Al/Ti interlocking interface, homogeneous distribution of fine second-phase (Ti and/or intermetallics) particles in the weld nugget, reduction in the evolution of brittle Al3Ti intermetallic compounds (IMCs) and recrystallization and grain refinement of Al in the weld nugget. The potentio-dynamic polarization test indicated that the optimized Al/Ti weld has ~47% higher corrosion resistance than Al; it had a very mild corrosion attack due to the homogeneous dispersion of fine particles. The method and mechanism could have an immense influence on any dissimilar weld and metal matrix composites, improving their mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.

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“…Kitano et al [47] also investigated the SRO of a disordered δ phase using X-ray and electron diffraction methods. Various simulation techniques were employed to ascertain the stability and ground-state structure of Ag 2 Al precipitates [18,48,49]. These studies have indicated that the bulk equilibrium δ phase and γ precipitates share an hcp structure with off-stoichiometric disordered characteristics but exhibit distinct ordering arrangements within the basal planes of the hcp structure.…”

Section: Crystal Structure Analysis Of Each Phasementioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural Transformations in Solid-State Annealed Al/Ag/Al Diffusion Couples Examined via High-Voltage Electron Microscopy (HVEM)

Oh,

Kajihara

2023

Metals

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This study focuses on the practical relevance of the Al-Ag bonding interface in electronic device fabrication, particularly in wire bonding, which is crucial for enhancing component reliability and performance. Experiments involved Al/Ag/Al diffusion couples, annealed at 703 K, revealing two stable intermediate phases, μ and δ. Characterizing the intermediate phases’ compositions and concentration profiles exposed a vital transition at the δ-Al interface. We used high-voltage electron microscopy (HVEM) to examine crystal structure evolution, identifying a (hexagonal close-packed) hcp structure in the intermediate phase between δ and Al, matching the δ phase. Notably, a substantial microstructural transformation occurred within the Ag-Al diffusion couple, as nano-sized precipitates transitioned from spherical to plate-like, along specific {111} planes, reflecting the evolution from off-stoichiometric, disordered phases to ordered ones. Mapping the concentrations of intermediate phases on the Al-Ag phase diagram revealed shifted and narrower solubility ranges compared to the calculations. This study provides insight into the crystal structure and microstructure changes during diffusion in Al/Ag/Al diffusion couples, holding implications for electronic device fabrication. Understanding intermediate phase behavior and evolution is vital in this context, potentially influencing materials development and process optimization in the electronic components industry, and thus, enhancing device performance and reliability.

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Intermetallics-induced directional growth of Sn whiskers in Sn-3.5Ag coating on Al substrate

Cited by 16 publications

References 47 publications

Review of Recent Bio-Inspired Design and Manufacturing of Whisker Tactile Sensors

Review of Recent Bio-Inspired Design and Manufacturing of Whisker Tactile Sensors

Investigation on Friction Stir Welding Parameters: Mechanical Properties, Correlations and Corrosion Behaviors of Aluminum/Titanium Dissimilar Welds

Microstructural Transformations in Solid-State Annealed Al/Ag/Al Diffusion Couples Examined via High-Voltage Electron Microscopy (HVEM)

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