“…2 Outshopping, defined asconsumers' purchase behavior outside their home town or neighborhood shopping area, has drawn many researchers' attentions because it creates "trade leakage" for the local retailers (Darden & Perreault, 1976;Hawes & Lumpkin, 1984;Herrmann & Beik, 1968;Hozier & Stem, 1985;Lumpkin et al, 1986;Papadopoulos, 1980;Piron, 2002;Samli, Riecken, & Yavas, 1983;Smith, 1999;Thompson, 1971;Varshney & Goyal, 2005). Internet shopping, or outshopping through the Internet, also raises revenue loss problems for local retailers.…”