Interlimb Asymmetries: Understanding How to Calculate Differences From Bilateral and Unilateral Tests

Bishop, Chris; Read, Paul; Lake, Jason P.; Chavda, Shyam; Turner, Anthony N.

doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000371

Cited by 146 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The hands should be fixed on the hips and the landing position should be maintained during the 2-3 s pause. The distance reached was measured in meters, from the tip of the foot at the starting moment to the heel (of the foot) at the landing moment of the third jump, comparing both legs with the use of the following formula [33]:…”

Section: Triple Hop Test For Distance (Thtd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The best flight time (s) was chosen from the three jumps performed, calculated by the CHRONOJUMP software (v. 1.7.0 for Windows, CHRONOJUMP Boscosystem ® , Barcelona, Spain) [39]. The asymmetry was calculated with the following formula [33]:…”

Section: Counter-movement Jump (Cmj)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Counter-movement Jump (Cmj)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The jump is performed by taking a first step out of the Optojump™ 3 m Kit corridor formed by six interface bars (three RX bars that have interface and 30 mm of resolution, and three TX bars without interface and 10 mm of resolution) to enter into it with the second and third step, making the volleyball jump with the armed arm and simulating the hit of the ball at the highest point of the jump, and finally landing inside the the Optojump™ corridor, as shown in Figure 2. The asymmetry was calculated based on this parameter, using the following formula [33]: To collect the data referring to the muscle electrical activity in the biceps femoris (BF) and rectus femoris (RF) of both legs during the attack jump, the electromyography (EMG) bioPLUX wireless system (Plux Wirelees Biosignals, Lisbon, Portugal) together with the placement of the emgPLUX sensors to the conductive adhesive hidrogel electrodes (30 mm, Meditrace-Kendall, Covidien IIc, Mansfield, MA, USA) were used. The EMG bioPLUX is a device that collects and digitizes the signals from the sensors, and transmits via Bluetooth to the computer, where they are visualized in real time.…”

Section: Counter-movement Jump (Cmj)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previously, the player was allowed to perform two jumps with each leg, to place himself and so the evaluator could adjust his placement and angulation. The asymmetry was calculated using the following formula [33]:…”

Section: Muscular Electrical Activity During the Attack Jump (Mea-aj)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intrasession Reliability of the Tests to Determine Lateral Asymmetry and Performance in Volleyball Players

et al. 2018

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The development of lateral asymmetries in athletes could have an influence on performance or injuries. The aim of this study was to determine the within-day reliability of the symmetry tests and the performance tests, and explore the relationship between them. Eighteen male volleyball players (18.1 ± 2.1 years) participated in this study. Seven lateral symmetry assessments were used, namely: lateral symmetry through tensiomyography (LS), active knee extension (AKE), Y-balance test (YBT), muscular electrical activity in attack jump (MEA-AJ), single-leg squat jump (SLSJ), triple hop test for distance (THTD), and bilateral maximum repetition in leg press (1RMSL); and three volleyball performance tests, namely: the T-test, counter-movement jump (CMJ), and attack jump (AJ). Three in-day measurements were taken from each volleyball player after the recovery was completed. The reliability was calculated through the intraclass correlation coefficient and the coefficient of variation, and the relationship was calculated through Pearson’s bivariate correlation coefficient (p < 0.05). The results indicate that AKE, YBT, and LS are the symmetry tests with increased reproducibility. THTD correlates positively with the AKE test and 1RMSL test, and a greater symmetry in the YBT correlates with a greater performance in the CMJ and AJ performance tests. In conclusion, AKE, LS, and YBT are the best tests to determine, with reliability, the asymmetries in volleyball players, and a greater symmetry in the YBT seems to influence the height of bilateral vertical jump.

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Section: Triple Hop Test For Distance (Thtd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Counter-movement Jump (Cmj)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Counter-movement Jump (Cmj)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Counter-movement Jump (Cmj)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Muscular Electrical Activity During the Attack Jump (Mea-aj)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intrasession Reliability of the Tests to Determine Lateral Asymmetry and Performance in Volleyball Players

et al. 2018

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Previous injury is associated with heightened countermovement jump force‐time asymmetries in professional soccer players

Hart

Cohen

Patterson³

et al. 2019

Transl Sports Med

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Previous injury is associated with increased risk of future injury. Residual inter-limb deficits are a potential contributing factor leading to compensatory movement patterns on return to sport. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of previous severe injury on bilateral ground reaction force asymmetries measured during a countermovement jump using a dual force platform. A total of 34 male professional soccer players (age 19 ± 2 years) were subdivided into two groups; previous severe injury (N = 17) or no severe injury (N = 17). Previously injured players showed significantly greater asymmetry in concentric phase variables (P < 0.05) with strong effect sizes (range = 0.99-1.35). These players also showed significantly elevated asymmetry in eccentric phase variables (P < 0.05) and medium to large effect sizes (range = 0.73-1.05), with the exception of eccentric deceleration impulse (P > 0.05; d = 0.33). There were no significant between-group differences in bilateral jump performance parameters (P > 0.05). These data indicate that despite being cleared to return to sport, participating in elite-level training, full competition and exhibiting no decrements in jump performance, significant inter-limb asymmetries persist in the concentric and eccentric phases of the CMJ. K E Y W O R D Scountermovement jump, ground reaction force, inter-limb asymmetry ORCID

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Factors influencing bilateral deficit and inter-limb asymmetry of maximal and explosive strength: motor task, outcome measure and muscle group

et al. 2020

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Interlimb Asymmetries: Understanding How to Calculate Differences From Bilateral and Unilateral Tests

Cited by 146 publications

References 29 publications

Intrasession Reliability of the Tests to Determine Lateral Asymmetry and Performance in Volleyball Players

Intrasession Reliability of the Tests to Determine Lateral Asymmetry and Performance in Volleyball Players

Previous injury is associated with heightened countermovement jump force‐time asymmetries in professional soccer players

Factors influencing bilateral deficit and inter-limb asymmetry of maximal and explosive strength: motor task, outcome measure and muscle group

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