Interleukins: Pathogenesis in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Abstract

Inflammatory cytokines have been implicated as crucial contributors to the onset and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The exact mechanisms by which interleukins (ILs) contribute to NAFLD may vary, and ongoing research is aimed at understanding the specific roles of different ILs in the pathogenesis of this condition. In addition, variations in environmental factors and genetics in each individual can influence the onset and/or progression of NAFLD. The lack of clinical studies related to the potential therapeutic properties of IL-1 inhibitors currently does not allow us to conclude their validity as a therapeutic option, although preclinical studies show promising results. Further studies are needed to elucidate their beneficial properties in NAFLD treatment.

Systemic impacts of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) on heart, muscle, and kidney related diseases

“…Over the past two decades, research has suggested that the initiation of MASH occurs with the accumulation of excessive intrahepatic fat, exceeding 5% of the total liver weight ( Rinella et al, 2023 ). This accumulation then triggers metabolic disturbances, including alterations in pathways associated with fatty acid oxidation, dysregulated signaling of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial dysfunction, compromised proteostasis, and imbalances in gut microbiome ( Buzzetti et al, 2016 ; Machado and Diehl, 2016 ; Mitten and Baffy, 2022 ; Rafaqat et al, 2024 ; Zhong et al, 2024 ).…”

“…These molecular derangements compromise the liver’s capacity for storing and exporting free FAs as triglycerides, culminating in hepatocyte lipid overload, steatosis and lipotoxicity. These mechanisms are comprehensively reviewed elsewhere ( Buzzetti et al, 2016 ; Machado and Diehl, 2016 ; Lebeaupin et al, 2018 ; Loomba et al, 2021 ; Powell et al, 2021 ; Tilg et al, 2021 ; Llovet et al, 2023 ; Fan XZ et al, 2024 ; Habibullah et al, 2024 ; Jiang et al, 2024 ; Mahmoudi et al, 2024 ; Rafaqat et al, 2024 ; Targher et al, 2024 ; Verma MKT et al, 2024 ; Zhang et al, 2024 ; Zhong et al, 2024 ).…”

Editorial: Oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiometabolic disorders

“…This that improving insulin sensitivity and lipid regulation could be necessary preventive measures for cardiovascular diseases/events. Bariatric surgery and medication treatment are additional alternatives for treating obesity-related diseases if weight-loss programs and physical exercise fail to provide desired outcomes as the first line of treatment (7,8).…”