Interleukin 6 Is Associated with Cachexia in Patients with Prostate Cancer

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a major role in the response to injury or infection and is involved in the immune response, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. Its deregulation impacts numerous disease states, including many types of cancer. Consequently, modulating IL-6 may be an innovative therapeutic strategy in several diseases. A review of relevant published literature regarding IL-6 and its receptor was performed. In addition, a review of the relevance of this cytokine system to human illness, particularly in cancer, was undertaken. IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is involved in the physiology of virtually every organ system. Aberrant expression of this cytokine has been implicated in diverse human illnesses, most notably inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, coronary artery and neurologic disease, gestational problems, and neoplasms. In cancer, high levels of circulating IL-6 are observed in almost every type of tumor studied and predict a poor outcome.

show abstract

“…43,136 High IL-6 levels correlate with both prostate cancer morbidity, including cachexia, and mortality. 45,[136][137][138] Renal Cell Carcinoma…”

Section: Translational Correlationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interleukin‐6 and its receptor in cancer

Hong

Angelo

Kurzrock

2007

Cancer

341

127

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The proximal cause of death in the sipuleucel-T trials was not reported. However, in general, approximately 60% to 70% of patients with advanced prostate cancer have cachexia (21)(22)(23). Several cytokines (e.g., TNFa, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8) are elevated in patients with prostate cancer and may be involved in cachexia (21).…”

Section: Mechanism Of Therapeutic Efficacymentioning

confidence: 99%

PROVENGE (Sipuleucel-T) in Prostate Cancer: The First FDA-Approved Therapeutic Cancer Vaccine

Cheever

Higano

2011

Clinical Cancer Research

600

400

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…With regard to predictive factors for the outcome of M1b PC, some studies recently identified the factors: performance scale, GS, response to endocrine therapy, anemia, and levels of serum albumin, LDH, ALP, and PSA (22,23), while another study showed that EOD grade, interleukin-6 (24), and the status of HER-2 overexpression were useful (16). Still another study reported that serum cholesterol and interleukin-6 levels are involved in cachexia (25). Thus, no consensus has been reached.…”

Section: ------------------------------------------------------------mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactate dehydrogenase, Gleason score and HER-2 overexpression are significant prognostic factors for M1b prostate cancer

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. It has not been elucidated whether certain types of M1b prostate cancer (M1b PC) are associated with a poor outcome. The present study retrospectively identified predictive factors related to the outcome of M1b PC. The subjects were 104 patients who attended our hospital and received a diagnosis of M1b PC. The observation period ranged from 4 to 122 months (median, 43 months). The parameters investigated were: T classification, N classification, Gleason score (GS), pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, extent of disease (EOD) grade, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), calcium, and hemoglobin (Hb) levels, platelet count, and the status of HER-2 overexpression as determined with a Hercep Test™ Kit using initial needle biopsy specimens for diagnosis. Log-rank test and Cox univariate analysis identified the following factors with statistically significant differences: pretreatment PSA ≥192, N1, GS ≥8, EOD grade 3+4, high LDH, high ALP, low Hb, and HER-2 overexpression. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis identified the factors GS ≥8, high LDH, and HER-2 overexpression with significant differences. The hazard ratio was 5.962, 2.465, and 2.907, respectively, and the probability value was P=0.0218, P=0.0207 and P=0.0090, respectively. When the subjects with GS ≥8, high LDH, and HER-2 over-expression were classified as the high-risk group, the 5-year cause-specific survival rate was 51.2, 29.6, and 20.0%, respectively. The present study showed that M1b PC patients with GS ≥8, high LDH, and HER-2 overexpression have a very poor outcome and thus, should be treated as a high-risk group requiring close follow-up. IntroductionOf cancer deaths, in the USA, the incidence of prostate cancer (PC) ranks first in men, while the mortality from PC ranks second after lung cancer. In Europe, about 260,000 people are diagnosed with PC every year (1), and PC accounts for 9% of cancer deaths in men (2). The frequency of PC varies from country to country; it has been reported to be lowest in the Far East, particularly in mainland China and Japan (3). In Japan, however, the frequency in 2015 is expected to increase to about 4.6 times that in 1985 (4), and a recent study reported that PC screening would reduce mortality from PC by 20% (5). PC will thus become an increasingly important disease in men. Patients with PC have only vague symptoms in the early phase of the disease; it is not rare for patients to present with chief complaint of bone pain or neurological symptoms and found to already have PC with bone metastases at the time of diagnosis (6). Most PC is androgen-dependent. Patients with metastatic PC are rarely cured, and most of them are treated by hormone therapy. The majority of such patients, however, progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) within several years. Hormone resistance is considered to be acquired through abnormalities in the androgen receptor as well as a mechanism other than the androgen receptor (7). At present, however, the characteristics of ...

show abstract

Interleukin 6 Is Associated with Cachexia in Patients with Prostate Cancer

Cited by 97 publications

References 21 publications

Interleukin‐6 and its receptor in cancer

Interleukin‐6 and its receptor in cancer

PROVENGE (Sipuleucel-T) in Prostate Cancer: The First FDA-Approved Therapeutic Cancer Vaccine

Lactate dehydrogenase, Gleason score and HER-2 overexpression are significant prognostic factors for M1b prostate cancer

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About