Interleukin-34 Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Plasma in Healthy and Diseased Periodontal Tissue in Presence or Absence of Obesity: A Clinico-biochemical Study

Objective: Interleukins (IL) -1β, -34, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) play a crucial role in osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption through modulating inflammatory processes and osteoclastogenesis. Smoking is the major risk factor in the initiation and progression of periodontitis, and adversely affects the outcomes of non-surgical periodontal therapy. To date, there is no study investigating both gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) IL-1β, IL-34, RANKL and OPG levels before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy in smoking and non-smoking patients with periodontitis stage 3, grade B and C. The aim of current research was to examine the GCF levels of some osteoclastogenesis-related cytokines in periodontitis in relation to smoking before and after periodontal therapy. Methods: At baseline, full-mouth periodontal status together with GCF samples were collected from 116 individuals, including 60 periodontitis patients (30 smokers and 30 nonsmokers) and 56 periodontally healthy controls (28 smokers and 28 nonsmokers). Non-surgical periodontal therapy, consisting of instruction for daily plaque control and scaling and root planing (SRP), was performed. GCF sampling and full-mouth periodontal measurements were repeated 6 weeks after completion of SRP. The GCF levels of biomarkers were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The periodontitis groups exhibited significant improvement in clinical parameters. At baseline, the GCF IL-1β levels in periodontitis groups were significantly higher than periodontally healthy controls (p

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“…GCF IL-34 levels decreased in all periodontitis groups at 6-week. This is consistent with the results of other studies with IL-34 (5,(32)(33).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

GCF Levels of Osteoclastogenesis-Related Cytokines in Periodontitis in Relation to Smoking During Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy

ERENLER¹,

Görgün

2023

Middle Black Sea Journal of Health Science

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“…Regarding the continent of origin of the studies, two studies were from the American continent[ 25 26 ] and nine from the Asian continent. [ 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 ] Of these, three were performed in Turkey[ 31 33 34 ] which is considered a Eurasian country. In addition, a study was conducted in the European continent.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding the diagnosis of obesity, BMI,[ 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 34 35 36 ] waist circumference,[ 29 30 33 ] and waist–hip ratio[ 26 32 ] were reported. Of the twelve studies included, the pro-inflammatory cytokines analyzed were: IL-6,[ 26 28 31 33 ] TNF-α,[ 25 26 33 35 ] IL-1β,[ 28 32 34 36 ] IL-31,[ 27 ] and IL-34.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammatory profile of patients with different weight diagnoses and similar periodontal condition: A systematic review

Feijo,

Pontes,

da Silveira

et al. 2024

Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology

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Background: This study aimed to systematically review the literature regarding the inflammatory profiles, measured by cytokines and chemokines, of individuals with different diagnoses of weight, but with the similar periodontal condition. Materials and Methods: Searches were performed in five databases (Scopus, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane-Central). Studies that compared the inflammatory profile of normal-weight individuals to those with obesity and evaluated the same cytokine, collection method, and periodontal diagnosis (periodontal health, gingivitis, or periodontitis) were included. Cross-sectional studies underwent evaluation by independent researchers using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. The GRADE (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system assessed evidence certainty. Results: Twelve studies were included. The diagnosis of obesity was done on the basis of body mass index, waist circumference, and waist–hip ratio. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 [IL-6], tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF]-α, IL-1β, IL-31, and IL-34) were analyzed in serum, saliva, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and plasma. Periodontal diagnoses varied across studies. TNF-α expression was significantly higher in individuals with obesity and periodontal health or periodontitis. Serum IL-1β levels showed mixed results, but salivary IL-1β levels were elevated in obese individuals. IL-6 levels were higher in obese individuals, regardless of periodontal status. IL-34 and IL-10 showed no significant differences across groups. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-4 (MCP-4) levels were higher in obese individuals with periodontitis or periodontal health. IL-31 and IL-34 in GCF showed no significant differences between obese and nonobese individuals, without periodontitis. Conclusions: Heterogeneous results were noted for IL-6, IL-1β, IL-31, IL-34, TNF-α, and MCP-4, hindering conclusions on weight’s impact on inflammatory profiles in periodontal patients.

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“…The results of a clinico-biochemical study suggest that obese individuals with periodontitis have higher GCF and plasma IL-34 levels than non-obese individuals with healthy periodontium. This suggests IL-34 as a potential inflammatory marker of periodontal disease and obesity [17]. In the literature different life-course epidemiology theories which explain the possible association between periodontal health and nutritional status in adulthood could be found [18].…”

Section: Editorialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interleukin (IL)-34 has recently been identified as an alternative ligand for colony stimulating factor-1 receptor and plays an important role in osteoclastogenesis. The aim of the study conducted by Guruprasad CN et all was to assess and compare IL-34 levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and plasma in obese individuals in the presence or absence of periodontal disease and to determine whether they showed a correlation with disease severity [17]. The results of a clinico-biochemical study suggest that obese individuals with periodontitis have higher GCF and plasma IL-34 levels than non-obese individuals with healthy periodontium.…”

Section: Editorialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Etiologic Factors of The Periodontal Disease Pathogenesis

Ambarkova

2018

IOD

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Dental plaque bacteria along with its products such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) cause the destruction of the periodontal tissue directly and indirectly by activating the host's defensive cells of the immune system, which in turn produce and release mediators that stimulate the effects of connective tissue expansion. Microbial plaque components have the capacity to induce initial inflammation and infiltration of inflammatory cells, including lymphocytes, macrophages, and polymorph nuclear leucocytes (PMNl). Microbial components, in particular LPS, activate macrophages to synthesize and secrete various proinflammatory molecules, including cytokines-IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha); prostaglandins, especially prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and hydrolytic enzymes. The bacteria activate T lymphocytes for the production of IL-1 and lymphotoxin (LT), a molecule with similar properties of TNF-alpha. These cytokines manifest potent proinflammatory and catabolic activities and play a key role in the formation of periodontal pockets through collagenolytic enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). These latent collagenolytic enzymes are activated by reactive oxygen species in the inflammatory environment, leading to increased levels of interstitial collagenase in the inflamed gingiva, which deepens the gingival sulcus, creating a parodontal pocket [1]. A periodontal pocket with a depth of 4 to 12mm is a port of 107 to 109 bacterial cells.

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Interleukin-34 Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Plasma in Healthy and Diseased Periodontal Tissue in Presence or Absence of Obesity: A Clinico-biochemical Study

Cited by 8 publications

References 30 publications

GCF Levels of Osteoclastogenesis-Related Cytokines in Periodontitis in Relation to Smoking During Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy

GCF Levels of Osteoclastogenesis-Related Cytokines in Periodontitis in Relation to Smoking During Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy

Inflammatory profile of patients with different weight diagnoses and similar periodontal condition: A systematic review

Etiologic Factors of The Periodontal Disease Pathogenesis

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