Interleukin-22 and interleukin-33 show up-regulated levels in the serum of patients with mild/moderate Coronavirus disease 2019

Abstract

Background This study analyzed serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-22 and IL-33 (pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines) in 90 patients with mild/moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 90 healthy controls. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used to measure IL-22 and IL-33 concentrations. Results Median (interquartile range) concentrations of IL-22 and IL-33 were significantly higher in patients than in controls (IL-22: 18.6 [18.0–19.3] vs. 13.9 [12.1–14.9] pg/mL, probability [p] < 0.001; IL-33: 37.8 [35.3–43.0] vs. 24.1 [23.0–26.2] pg/mL, p < 0.001). As indicated by the area under the curve (AUC), IL-22 and IL-33 were excellent predictors of COVID-19 (AUC = 0.95 and 0.892, respectively). Multinomial logistic regression analysis demonstrated that individuals with high production (> control median) of IL-22 (odds ratio = 17.80 [95% CI: 6.48–48.90]; p = 0.001) and IL-33 (odds ratio = 19.0 [95% CI: 7.4–48.6]; p = 0.001) were more likely to develop COVID-19. A positive correlation was found between IL-22 and IL-33 and both cytokines also showed positive correlations with granulocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in all participants. Conclusions IL-22 and IL-33 showed up-regulated concentrations in the serum of patients with mild/moderate COVID-19. Both cytokines may have prognostic value for COVID-19 along with their association with disease risk.

Conversion and Obsessive–Phobic Symptoms Predict IL-33 and IL-28A Levels in Individuals Diagnosed with COVID-19

“…However, a non-significant number of patients in all age groups had IL-33 levels above the standard range. Similar results were observed by Majeed et al in their study [ 33 ]. IL-33, a member of the IL-1 family, is an alarmin cytokine with crucial roles in tissue homeostasis and repair, type 2 immunity, allergic and non-allergic inflammation, viral infection, and cancer [ 34 ].…”

Potential Role of Inflammasome NLRP3 and IL-1β Gene Expression in COVID-19 Patients: Impact of Ferritin and D –Dimer

“…This study found a stepwise increase in IL-1β fold change moving from healthy controls (1.06 to mild/moderate COVID-19 patients (4.74, p<0.001) and finally to the severe disease group (13.29, p<0.001). This aligns with Paranga et al [12], Bagheri-Hosseinabadi et al [13], and Majeed et al [1], where IL-1β similarly rose with advancing COVID-19 severity compared to controls. Adnan Mezher et al, [14].…”

“…Aligning with Shafiek et al, IL-1β also exhibited good diagnostic accuracy (AUC 0.846). Furthermore, the extensive cytokine panel in Majeed et al [1] identified some markers comparable to our IL-8, while we found better sensitivity/specificity. Compared to Bergantini et al, [22] The IL-8 cut-off provided higher AUC (0.960 vs 0.88) and sensitivity (100% vs 66%), suggesting improved precision identifying severe presentations.…”

“…Aligning with these findings, Onuk et al [4] highlighted IL-1β 's association with mortality in regression models. However, Majeed et al [1] did not find significant relationships for some markers, likely reflecting statistical methodology differences. Importantly, Valle et al [6] verified inflammatory cytokines' independent predictive strength for survival, even after adjusting for confounders.…”

“…The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to cause substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. While most infected patients develop mild symptoms, a subset progress to severe disease characterized by acute respiratory distress syndrome, systemic hyperinflammation, and multiple organ failure [1]. The dysregulated immune responses underlying the development of severe COVID-19 remain incompletely understood, though recent evidence indicates inflammasome activation may play a key role [2].…”