Interleukin-21: a potential biomarker for diagnosis and predicting prognosis in  COVID-19 patients

Öztürk, Nursel; Ursavaş, Ahmet; Dilektaşlı, Aslı Görek; Demirdöğen, Ezgi; Coşkun, Necmiye; Ediger, Dane; Uzaslan, Ayşe; Yöyen-Ermiş, Diğdem; Karaca, Mert; Terzi, Orkun Eray; Bayram, Merve; Topçu, Dilara Ömer; Yurttaş, Ahmet; Maharramov, Shahriyar; Yazici, Gamze; Oral, Haluk Barbaros; Karadağ, Mehmet

doi:10.3906/sag-2102-24

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Recent studies on serum levels of IL-17 [33] , [34] and IL-21 [35] represented their effect as an amplifier and boosting factor for the COVID-19 progression. We have seen that in COVID-19 individuals the level of these mentioned cytokines raised above the control patients’ level which showed that miR-155 indirectly control them by affecting SOCS-1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV2 infection induce miR-155 expression and skewed Th17/Treg balance by changing SOCS1 level: A clinical study

Soltani-Zangbar,

Hajivalili,

Daneshdoust

et al. 2023

Cytokine

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV2 infection induce miR-155 expression and skewed Th17/Treg balance by changing SOCS1 level: A clinical study

Soltani-Zangbar,

Hajivalili,

Daneshdoust

et al. 2023

Cytokine

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“…In line with our findings, it has been reported that during COVID-19 infection, SARS-CoV-2-specific TFH decreases the CCR6 expression favoring homing to the mucosal airway [ 29 ], thus reducing their frequency in blood. One limitation of this study was not performing IL-21 analysis in serum samples; it has been shown that IL-21 promotes B and plasma cell development [ 30 ], as well as stimulates the differentiation of TFH. It is necessary to consider analyzing the IL-21 in serum samples in an intracellular manner after in vitro stimuli.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effector-Memory B-Lymphocytes and Follicular Helper T-Lymphocytes as Central Players in the Immune Response in Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated Populations against SARS-CoV-2

et al. 2022

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Vaccines have been recognized as having a central role in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic; however, most vaccine development research is focused on IgG-induced antibodies. Here, we analyzed the generation of IgGs related to SARS-CoV-2 and the changes in B- and T-lymphocyte proportions following vaccination against COVID-19. We included samples from 69 volunteers inoculated with the Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2), Astra Zeneca (AZD1222 Covishield), or Sputnik V (Gam-COVID-Vac) vaccines. IgGs related to SARS-CoV-2 increased after the first vaccine dose compared with the nonvaccinated group (Pfizer, p = 0.0001; Astra Zeneca, p < 0.0001; Sputnik V, p = 0.0089). The results of the flow cytometry analysis of B- and T-lymphocytes showed a higher proportion of effector-memory B-lymphocytes in both first and second doses when compared with the nonvaccinated subjects. FcRL4+ cells were increased in second-dose-vaccinated COVID-19(−) and recovered COVID-19(+) participants when compared with the nonvaccinated participants. COVID-19(−) participants showed a lower proportion of follicular helper T-lymphocytes (TFH) in the second dose when compared with the first-vaccine-dose and nonvaccinated subjects. In conclusion, after the first vaccine dose, immunization against SARS-CoV-2 induces IgG production, and this could be mediated by TFH and effector-memory B-lymphocytes. Our data can be used in the design of vaccine schedules to evaluate immuno-bridging from a cellular point of view.

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“…Several studies suggested that high serum levels of IL-21, but not IL-6, are a predictive indicator for poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients. 22 The high serum concentration of IL-21 could also be due to other contributing cell populations, such as central memory T cells and Th17 cells. 23,24 Similar to our findings, the significance of circulating IL-1β in severity has been established by other studies, targeting it as a therapeutic agent.…”

Section: Cytokine Profiling Suggests a Pro-inflammatory Environment I...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Imbalance of T Helper Cell Subset Specific Transcription Factors and Associated Cytokines in Patients with Severe COVID-19

Gupta,

Patel,

Garg

et al. 2023

Gene Expr

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Background and aims: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) exhibits a range of clinical symptoms, including viral pneumonia, which can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome, substantial alveolar destruction, and even multi-organ failure in severe cases. Disease pathology is greatly influenced by the host immune response. Several studies reported the perturbation of T-cell responses in COVID-19 patients. Activation and differentiation of CD4+ T cells into various subsets depend on the expression of lineage-specific transcription factors and overall cytokine milieu. Hence, a thorough evaluation of T helper cell lineage-specific transcription factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines can provide crucial insight into COVID-19 pathogenesis and may aid in developing strategies to prevent disease severity. Here, we performed a cross-sectional study to delineate the dysfunctional T helper cell subset immune response associated with COVID-19 disease severity. Methods:We assessed T helper cell responses in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals who presented with either asymptomatic, mild, or severe disease. mRNA profiling of lineage specific transcription factors and associated cytokines was done using realtime qPCR. Cytokine profiling was done using ELISA.Results: mRNA levels of FOXP-3 were significantly decreased in patients with severe COVID-19. No significant difference was observed for T-bet and GATA-3 among all of the groups. Bcl-6, the transcription factor for Tfh cell subsets, showed an increased trend in its association with disease progression. Furthermore, mRNA levels of IL-21 were significantly increased with disease severity. We also observed a significant increase in the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β in patients with severe COVID-19.Conclusions: These findings provide new insight into COVID-19 disease pathology and may aid in developing effective strate-

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Interleukin-21: a potential biomarker for diagnosis and predicting prognosis in COVID-19 patients

Cited by 9 publications

References 25 publications

SARS-CoV2 infection induce miR-155 expression and skewed Th17/Treg balance by changing SOCS1 level: A clinical study

SARS-CoV2 infection induce miR-155 expression and skewed Th17/Treg balance by changing SOCS1 level: A clinical study

Effector-Memory B-Lymphocytes and Follicular Helper T-Lymphocytes as Central Players in the Immune Response in Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated Populations against SARS-CoV-2

Imbalance of T Helper Cell Subset Specific Transcription Factors and Associated Cytokines in Patients with Severe COVID-19

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