Interleukin-2 family cytokines: An overview of genes, expression, signaling and functional roles in teleost

Zhang, Yanqi; Su, Jian

doi:10.1016/j.dci.2023.104645

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 205 publications

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“…IL-7 promoting, for example, muscle hypertrophy correlated positively, and IL-2Ra correlated negatively with z -T-FFMV ( 150 ). Both IL-7 and the receptor for IL-2 belong to the IL-2 family, which can promote either cell survival or cell death and modulate differentiation of cells into more terminally differentiated ( 151 ). In muscle tissue, the IL-2/IL-2 receptor complex via expansion of regulatory T cells (Treg) mitigate muscle inflammation in situations with muscle repair and regeneration ( 152 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain and the biochemistry of fibromyalgia: patterns of peripheral cytokines and chemokines contribute to the differentiation between fibromyalgia and controls and are associated with pain, fat infiltration and content

Gerdle,

Dahlqvist Leinhard,

Lund

et al. 2024

Front. Pain Res.

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ObjectivesThis explorative study analyses interrelationships between peripheral compounds in saliva, plasma, and muscles together with body composition variables in healthy subjects and in fibromyalgia patients (FM). There is a need to better understand the extent cytokines and chemokines are associated with body composition and which cytokines and chemokines differentiate FM from healthy controls.MethodsHere, 32 female FM patients and 30 age-matched female healthy controls underwent a clinical examination that included blood sample, saliva samples, and pain threshold tests. In addition, the subjects completed a health questionnaire. From these blood and saliva samples, a panel of 68 mainly cytokines and chemokines were determined. Microdialysis of trapezius and erector spinae muscles, phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy of erector spinae muscle, and whole-body magnetic resonance imaging for determination of body composition (BC)—i.e., muscle volume, fat content and infiltration—were also performed.ResultsAfter standardizing BC measurements to remove the confounding effect of Body Mass Index, fat infiltration and content are generally increased, and fat-free muscle volume is decreased in FM. Mainly saliva proteins differentiated FM from controls. When including all investigated compounds and BC variables, fat infiltration and content variables were most important, followed by muscle compounds and cytokines and chemokines from saliva and plasma. Various plasma proteins correlated positively with pain intensity in FM and negatively with pain thresholds in all subjects taken together. A mix of increased plasma cytokines and chemokines correlated with an index covering fat infiltration and content in different tissues. When muscle compounds were included in the analysis, several of these were identified as the most important regressors, although many plasma and saliva proteins remained significant.DiscussionPeripheral factors were important for group differentiation between FM and controls. In saliva (but not plasma), cytokines and chemokines were significantly associated with group membership as saliva compounds were increased in FM. The importance of peripheral factors for group differentiation increased when muscle compounds and body composition variables were also included. Plasma proteins were important for pain intensity and sensitivity. Cytokines and chemokines mainly from plasma were also significantly and positively associated with a fat infiltration and content index.ConclusionOur findings of associations between cytokines and chemokines and fat infiltration and content in different tissues confirm that inflammation and immune factors are secreted from adipose tissue. FM is clearly characterized by complex interactions between peripheral tissues and the peripheral and central nervous systems, including nociceptive, immune, and neuroendocrine processes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain and the biochemistry of fibromyalgia: patterns of peripheral cytokines and chemokines contribute to the differentiation between fibromyalgia and controls and are associated with pain, fat infiltration and content

Gerdle,

Dahlqvist Leinhard,

Lund

et al. 2024

Front. Pain Res.

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“…10.11113/mjfas.v20n1.3187 Cytokines play a crucial role in fish immunity by regulating immune responses, coordinating inflammation, and promoting the effective functioning of immune cells [79,86]. In the current research, genes expression of the cytokines IFN 1, TNFα, IL-1β and IL-8 were analyzed.…”

Section: Immune-related Gene Expressionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Efficacy of Nile Tilapia Vaccination by Formalin killed Streptococcus agalactiae Encapsulated in Alginate Microcapsules

M Abu Darwish,

Rozaini,

Sheikh

et al. 2024

Mal. J. Fund. Appl. Sci.

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Nile tilapia is one of the major farmed fish that is often infected with Streptococcus. Oral vaccination is the most preferable technique, but the antigen is usually degraded by gastric juice. Encapsulation by alginate could be effective in protecting the antigen. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of vaccinating Nile tilapia using formalin-killed Streptococcus agalactiae encapsulated in alginate. The average diameter of fabricated microcapsules was 500±20 μm, with 86% encapsulation efficacy. Fish were then divided into four groups (30 fish per group): group A: fish vaccinated by alginate microcapsules covered by formalin-killed cells (FKC), group B: fish vaccinated by non-covered FKC, group C: fish fed with empty alginate microcapsules and group D: fish feed with commercial pellets as control group. All groups were treated for 14 days and then fed with commercial pellets. Blood samples were collected on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-vaccination. Bactericidal activity, lysozyme activity and serum antibody titer were significantly elevated in group A (p<0.001) compared to other treated groups. Then, gene expression analysis was performed at 29 days post-vaccination to evaluate the expression of main immune contributors such IgM, IgT, TCR β, CD4, CD8α, IL 1β, IL 8, IFN 1, and TNFα. The analysis showed significant upregulation of all tested genes in group A compared to other treated groups (p<0.001). Lastly, a challenge test was done on day 30 post-vaccination by injecting 4.6×106 CFU mL−1 of virulent S. agalactiae. The relative percent of survival (RPS) were 92± 2%, 48± 5% and 4± 3% for groups A, B and C respectively. The obtained result indicated that alginate encapsulation provided antigen protection due to its higher immunogenicity compared to non-covered vaccine. Hence, the fabricated vaccine could be incorporated with food and orally administered to Nile tilapia to prevent S. agalactiae infection.

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“…Subsequently, il21 genes have been reported in spotted green pufferfish ( Tetraodon nigroviridis ) [ 15 ], zebrafish [ 16 ] ( Danio rerio ), rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) [ 17 ], Japanese flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus ) [ 18 ], grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) [ 19 , 20 , 21 ] and snakehead ( Channa argus ) [ 22 ]. Similar to mammalian IL-21 counterparts, teleost IL-21 homologs consist of four α-helices and two pairs of conserved disulfide bonds [ 14 , 17 , 23 ]. However, the genomic organization of teleost il21 differs from that in mammals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the genomic organization of teleost il21 differs from that in mammals. Most teleost il21 genes have six exons and five introns whilst mammalian il21 genes have five exons and four introns [ 14 , 17 , 23 ]. It must be noted that the fugu il21 gene has the same genomic organization as mammalian homologs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Biological Functions and Intestinal Inflammation Regulation of IL-21 in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) during Infection with Aeromonas hydrophila

Yuan,

Zhao,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Cells

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Interleukin (IL) 21 is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays an important role in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. In fish, the biological functions and cell source of IL-21 remain largely unknown. In this study, we performed qRT-PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescent microscopy to examine the expression of IL-21 at the mRNA and protein levels. We found that il21 expression was induced in the primary head kidney leukocytes of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) by heat-inactivated Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) and LPS and in tissues after infection with A. hydrophila. Recombinant IL-21 protein produced in the CHO-S cells was effective in elevating the expression of antibacterial genes, including β-defensin and lysozyme, and, interestingly, inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, we investigated the response of the IL-21 expressing cells to A. hydrophila infection. Immunofluorescent assay showed that IL-21 protein was detected in the CD3γ/δ T cells and was markedly accumulated in the anterior, middle and posterior intestine. Collectively, the results indicate that IL-21 plays an important role in regulating the intestinal inflammation induced by bacterial infection in grass carp.

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Interleukin-2 family cytokines: An overview of genes, expression, signaling and functional roles in teleost

Cited by 11 publications

References 205 publications

Pain and the biochemistry of fibromyalgia: patterns of peripheral cytokines and chemokines contribute to the differentiation between fibromyalgia and controls and are associated with pain, fat infiltration and content

Pain and the biochemistry of fibromyalgia: patterns of peripheral cytokines and chemokines contribute to the differentiation between fibromyalgia and controls and are associated with pain, fat infiltration and content

The Efficacy of Nile Tilapia Vaccination by Formalin killed Streptococcus agalactiae Encapsulated in Alginate Microcapsules

The Biological Functions and Intestinal Inflammation Regulation of IL-21 in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) during Infection with Aeromonas hydrophila

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