Evodiamine, a constituent isolated from the dried, unripe fruit of Evodia rutaecarpa BENTHAM (go-shu-yu in Japanese) has been reported to present bronchial contractive, 1) catecholamine secretory, 2) vasodilatory, 3,4) anti-nociceptive 5) and antitumor effect.6) It was also reported that evodiamine had an inhibitory effect on tumor cell migration in vitro.7) Our previous study showed that up-regulation of Bax/Bcl-2 amplified the activation of caspase cascade, resulting in apoptosis in A375-S2 cells. Additionally, simultaneous activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) activity contributed to evodiamine-induced necrosis at later stage.
8)Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is one of the multifunctional cytokines produced predominantly by activated monocytes and macrophages.9) Among the IL-1 family, IL-1a and IL-1b are referred to be "agonist" molecules that exert not only pleiotropic effects in host reactions such as immune defence, inflammation and homeostasis, 10,11) but also regulates a variety of cell functions of many cell types in both positive and negative manners.12-15) However, the third member IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) binds to the same receptors as IL1a or b, but does not induce any intracellular signal, therefore, acts as a natural inhibitor of IL-1.11) Previous studies reported that IL-1 induced growth inhibition in human melanoma cells through down-regulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), 16,17) up-regulation of IL-6 18) and cell cycle arrest. 19) Research carried out by Itoh and his coworkers also indicated that this antiproliferative effect was mediated by p38 MAPK. 20) Our study has further confirmed that induction of Fas-ligand (Fas-L), activation of caspases, regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins and induction of endogenous IL-1b also contributed to IL-1b-induced A375-S2 cell death (data not shown). Therefore, there seem to be some similarities between evdiamine's and IL-1's anti-tumor machinery.Engagement of the extracellular domain of Fas by the Fas-L results in intracellular recruitment of caspase-8 to Fas via the adaptor protein, Fas-associated death domain (FADD) protein, because FADD interacts with Fas through its death domain and with caspase-8 through a death effector domain.21) Activation of caspase cascade was responsible for the consequent process that couples DNA damage and p53 activation to pro-or anti-apoptotic machinery involves in the Bcl-2 family proteins.8,22) Bcl-2 family was known to play essential roles in DNA damage-induced apoptosis. 23,24) In addition, p53 induction increases pro-apoptotic Bax synthesis 25) and activates Ras/Raf/MAPK cascade.
26)In the present study, we demonstrated that evodiamine induced A375-S2 melanoma cell death partially through IL-1 mediated pathway. Human melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer and is becoming resistant to all current modalities of cancer therapy. The major aim of our study is to find out new target of natural product and develop specific ...