Interlayer non-coupled optical properties for determining the number of layers in arbitrarily stacked multilayer graphenes

Huang, Yun; Lee, Choong-Kwang; Mag-isa, Alexander E.; Jang, Jaewon; Lee, Hak‐Joo; Lee, Soon-Bok; Kim, Seong Su; Kim, Jae Hyun

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2014.05.050

Cited by 39 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Figure 2 a shows force versus deflection plots for a graphene oxide (GO) monolayer and for four other few or multi-layered GO flakes, as determined by AFM [ 40 ]. The plots show that membrane deflection increases with the number of graphene layers.…”

Section: Significance Of the Number Of Graphene Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The plots show that membrane deflection increases with the number of graphene layers. Similarly, Figure 2 b shows that fracture forces were higher for few and multilayer, homogenously thick graphene layers than for graphene layers with variable thicknesses [ 40 ]. Homogenous and mono-bilayer graphene flake had the highest fracture force of all samples studied and this gradually reduced with layer number [ 39 , 40 ].…”

Section: Significance Of the Number Of Graphene Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Optical transmittance was found to depend on layer number ( Figure 4 ). A graphene membrane’s optical transmittance is defined as the ratio of transferred to inputted laser strength ( Figure 4 ) [ 40 ]. It was found that optical transmission decreases with increasing layer numbers, from 1 to 7, regardless of the laser wavelength [ 40 ].…”

Section: Significance Of the Number Of Graphene Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They found that this process produced large areas of thin, transparent graphene sheets, 1–5 graphene layers thick [ 46 ]. Cui et al studied the effects of stacking and lattice orientation on the mechanical properties of few-layer GO [ 40 ]. They found graphene flakes were 1 to 5 layers thick and they studied the effects of the graphene layer number on the mechanical properties and found that the mechanical properties were affected by increasing layer numbers, from 1 to 5 [ 40 ].…”

Section: Techniques Used To Determine Numbers Of Graphene Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimation of Number of Graphene Layers Using Different Methods: A Focused Review

et al. 2021

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Graphene, a two-dimensional nanosheet, is composed of carbon species (sp2 hybridized carbon atoms) and is the center of attention for researchers due to its extraordinary physicochemical (e.g., optical transparency, electrical, thermal conductivity, and mechanical) properties. Graphene can be synthesized using top-down or bottom-up approaches and is used in the electronics and medical (e.g., drug delivery, tissue engineering, biosensors) fields as well as in photovoltaic systems. However, the mass production of graphene and the means of transferring monolayer graphene for commercial purposes are still under investigation. When graphene layers are stacked as flakes, they have substantial impacts on the properties of graphene-based materials, and the layering of graphene obtained using different approaches varies. The determination of number of graphene layers is very important since the properties exhibited by monolayer graphene decrease as the number of graphene layer per flake increases to 5 as few-layer graphene, 10 as multilayer graphene, and more than 10 layers, when it behaves like bulk graphite. Thus, this review summarizes graphene developments and production. In addition, the efficacies of determining the number of graphene layers using various characterization methods (e.g., transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra and mapping, and spin hall effect-based methods) are compared. Among these methods, TEM and Raman spectra were found to be most promising to determine number of graphene layers and their stacking order.

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Section: Significance Of the Number Of Graphene Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Significance Of the Number Of Graphene Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Significance Of the Number Of Graphene Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Techniques Used To Determine Numbers Of Graphene Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Estimation of Number of Graphene Layers Using Different Methods: A Focused Review

et al. 2021

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“…One of the most important parameters in determining the number of graphene layers is the ratio of 2D band intensity to G band intensity ( I 2D / I G ), where the intensity ratio, I 2D / I G , for single-layer graphene is more than 2, bilayer graphene is about 1, and multilayer graphene is less than 1. 62 In this work, the mean value of the I 2D / I G ratio is estimated to be 0.52 at point a (dark region) and 1.06 at point b (light region), indicating the multilayer and bilayer graphene. Meanwhile, the mean value of I 2D / I G is about 2.93 at point c (light region) and almost comparable to that of pristine single-layer graphene.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 66%

Practical Route for the Low-Temperature Growth of Large-Area Bilayer Graphene on Polycrystalline Nickel by Cold-Wall Chemical Vapor Deposition

et al. 2021

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We report a practical chemical vapor deposition (CVD) route to produce bilayer graphene on a polycrystalline Ni film from liquid benzene (C 6 H 6 ) source at a temperature as low as 400 °C in a vertical cold-wall reaction chamber. The low activation energy of C 6 H 6 and the low solubility of carbon in Ni at such a low temperature play a key role in enabling the growth of large-area bilayer graphene in a controlled manner by a Ni surface-mediated reaction. All experiments performed using this method are reproducible with growth capabilities up to an 8 in. wafer-scale substrate. Raman spectra analysis, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and selective area electron diffraction studies confirm the growth of Bernal-stacked bilayer graphene with good uniformity over large areas. Electrical characterization studies indicate that the bilayer graphene behaves much like a semiconductor with predominant p-type doping. These findings provide important insights into the wafer-scale fabrication of low-temperature CVD bilayer graphene for next-generation nanoelectronics.

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Confocal Microscopy for In Situ Multi‐Modal Characterization and Patterning of Laser‐Reduced Graphene Oxide

Shaffer

2023

Adv Funct Materials

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Graphene oxide (GO) films can be readily prepared at wafer scale, then reduced to form graphene-based conductive circuits relevant to a range of practical device applications. Among a variety of reduction methods, laser processing has emerged as an important technique for localized reduction and patterning of GO films. In this study, the novel use of confocal microscopy is demonstrated for high-resolution characterization, in situ laser reduction, and versatile patterning of GO films. Multi-modal imaging and real-time tracking are performed with 405 and 488 nm lasers, enabling large-area direct observation of the reduction progress. Using image analysis to cluster flake types, the different stages of reduction can be attributed to thermal transfer and accumulation. Delicate control of the reduction process over multiple length scales is illustrated using millimeter-scale stitched patterns, micropatterning of single flakes, and direct writing conductive 2D wires with submicrometer resolution (530 nm). The general applicability of the technique is shown, allowing fabrication of both conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films (sheet resistance: 2.5 kOhm sq −1 ) and 3D microscale architectures. This simple and mask-free method provides a valuable tool for well-controlled and scalable fabrication of reduced GO structures using compact low-power lasers (< 5 mW), with simultaneous in situ monitoring and quality control.

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Interlayer non-coupled optical properties for determining the number of layers in arbitrarily stacked multilayer graphenes

Cited by 39 publications

References 45 publications

Estimation of Number of Graphene Layers Using Different Methods: A Focused Review

Estimation of Number of Graphene Layers Using Different Methods: A Focused Review

Practical Route for the Low-Temperature Growth of Large-Area Bilayer Graphene on Polycrystalline Nickel by Cold-Wall Chemical Vapor Deposition

Confocal Microscopy for In Situ Multi‐Modal Characterization and Patterning of Laser‐Reduced Graphene Oxide

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