Interim report on pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infections in South Africa, April to October 2009: Epidemiology and factors associated with fatal cases

Archer, Brett N.; Cohen, Cheryl; Naidoo, Dhamari; Thomas, Juno; Makunga, Chuma; Blumberg, Lucille; Venter, Marietjie; Timothy, Geraldine Antoinette; Puren, Adrian; McAnerney, Johanna M.; Cengimbo, Ayanda; Schoub, Barry D.

doi:10.2807/ese.14.42.19369-en

Cited by 111 publications

(69 citation statements)

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“…Although this percentage is higher than the national HIV prevalence (7%) ( 11 ), the HIV-positive patients were all from Nyanza Province, which has an HIV prevalence of 15% ( 11 ). Nevertheless, our findings suggest that HIV patients could be at risk for severe pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza, supporting results of a study in South Africa which reported that 53% of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 patients who died were HIV positive ( 12 ). However, our report included a relatively small number of patients who had been tested for HIV, and CD4 counts and information on use of antiretroviral drugs were unavailable.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Hospitalized Patients with Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Kenya

Osoro

Munyua

Muthoka³

et al. 2011

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Hospitalized Patients with Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Kenya

Osoro

Munyua

Muthoka³

et al. 2011

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…A case series of patients who died during the 2009 influenza pandemic in South Africa described underlying tuberculosis in 10% of deaths which was greater than the population prevalence of tuberculosis [31]. Another study from South Africa showed that patients co-infected with tuberculosis and influenza as compared to patients with tuberculosis only were at increased risk of death (adjusted relative risk ratio (aRRR) 3.2 95% CI 1.1–10.0).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excess Mortality Associated with Influenza among Tuberculosis Deaths in South Africa, 1999–2009

et al. 2015

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BackgroundPublished data on the interaction between influenza and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) are limited. We aimed to estimate the influenza-associated mortality among individuals with PTB in South Africa from 1999–2009.MethodsWe modelled the excess influenza-associated mortality by applying Poisson regression models to monthly PTB and non-tuberculosis respiratory deaths, using laboratory-confirmed influenza as a covariate.ResultsPTB deaths increased each winter, coinciding with influenza virus circulation. Among individuals of any age, mean annual influenza-associated PTB mortality rate was 164/100,000 person-years (n = 439). The rate of non-tuberculosis respiratory deaths was 27/100,000 (n = 1125) for HIV-infected and 5/100,000 (n = 2367) for HIV-uninfected individuals of all ages. Among individuals aged <65 years, influenza-associated PTB mortality risk was elevated compared to influenza-associated non-tuberculosis respiratory deaths in HIV-infected (relative risk (RR): 5.2; 95% CI: 4.6–5.9) and HIV-uninfected individuals (RR: 61.0; CI: 41.4–91.0). Among individuals aged ≥65 years, influenza-associated PTB mortality risk was elevated compared to influenza-associated non-tuberculosis respiratory deaths in HIV-uninfected individuals (RR: 13.0; 95% CI: 12.0–14.0).ConclusionWe observed an increased risk of influenza-associated mortality in persons with PTB compared to non-tuberculosis respiratory deaths. If confirmed in other settings, our findings may support recommendations for active inclusion of patients with TB for influenza vaccination and empiric influenza anti-viral treatment of patients with TB during influenza epidemics.

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“…The World Health Organization estimated approximately 16,000 deaths between April 2009 and January 2010. The majority of these deaths corresponded to patients with underlying risk factors, such as metabolic dysfunctions, pregnancy, obesity and immunosuppression, contributing to worse outcomes [24,25]. …”

Section: Microbial Etiology Of Community-acquired Pneumonia (Cap)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Etiology of Pneumonia: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Resistance Patterns

Cillóniz

Martín‐Loeches

García-Vidal

et al. 2016

IJMS

211

161

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Globally, pneumonia is a serious public health concern and a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Despite advances in antimicrobial therapies, microbiological diagnostic tests and prevention measures, pneumonia remains the main cause of death from infectious disease in the world. An important reason for the increased global mortality is the impact of pneumonia on chronic diseases, along with the increasing age of the population and the virulence factors of the causative microorganism. The increasing number of multidrug-resistant bacteria, difficult-to-treat microorganisms, and the emergence of new pathogens are a major problem for clinicians when deciding antimicrobial therapy. A key factor for managing and effectively guiding appropriate antimicrobial therapy is an understanding of the role of the different causative microorganisms in the etiology of pneumonia, since it has been shown that the adequacy of initial antimicrobial therapy is a key factor for prognosis in pneumonia. Furthermore, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapies are sometimes given until microbiological results are available and de-escalation cannot be performed quickly. This review provides an overview of microbial etiology, resistance patterns, epidemiology and microbial diagnosis of pneumonia.

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Interim report on pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infections in South Africa, April to October 2009: Epidemiology and factors associated with fatal cases

Cited by 111 publications

References 4 publications

Hospitalized Patients with Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Kenya

Hospitalized Patients with Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Kenya

Excess Mortality Associated with Influenza among Tuberculosis Deaths in South Africa, 1999–2009

Microbial Etiology of Pneumonia: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Resistance Patterns

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