Intergranular stress corrosion cracking of steel gas pipelines in weak alkaline soil electrolytes

Ryakhovskikh, I.V.; Bogdanov, Roman; Ignatenko, V. E.

doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.07.036

Cited by 31 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Observation of crack branching and bending caused by microstructure was also common in previous researches. There were researches of crack bending along the prior austenite grain boundary [8][9][10][11][12][13] and crack bending and branching due to heterogeneous microstructure such as dual phase steel having α and α'. [14][15][16][17][18] Ohta et al 19) observed the propagation path of the fatigue cracks using a specimen in which θ orientation was aligned by rolling the high-carbon steel.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crack Propagation Behavior of Impact Fracture in Case Hardening Steel Subjected to Combined Heat Treatment with Excess Vacuum Carburizing and Subsequent Induction Hardening

et al. 2020

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The Charpy impact value of case hardening steel subjected to combined heat treatment with excess vacuum carburizing and subsequent induction hardening was evaluated. The purpose of this study is to clarify the relation between the crack propagation behavior and the microstructure in steels having different amounts of retained austenite and cementite. The vacuum carburizing treatment is performed at the hyper-eutectoid composition of 1.3 mass% C. Three different heating temperatures were chosen for induction hardening in the two-phase (austenite, cementite) region between A cm and A 1 to obtain different amounts of retained austenite and cementite. Decreasing the induction heating temperature from 1 143 K to 1 043 K, increased crack propagation resistance by around 30% on average in both the quenched-only and the quenched-and-tempered specimens. The high crack propagation resistance of the samples with the low induction heating temperature was caused by the arrest effect of undissolved θ. By contrast, in the sub-zero treated specimens, crack propagation resistance showed an almost constant value irrespective of the induction heating temperature. That constant propagation resistance was attributed to the repeated bending and branching occurring during crack propagation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crack Propagation Behavior of Impact Fracture in Case Hardening Steel Subjected to Combined Heat Treatment with Excess Vacuum Carburizing and Subsequent Induction Hardening

et al. 2020

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“…A piece of evidence for this implication is the incidence of HpHSCC in Russia, where it was believed that only near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking threatens the buried pipeline. 17 Therefore, it is of paramount importance to improve the understanding of HpHSCC crack evolution and enhance the current modeling to protect pipelines against HpHSCC threats. The current modeling is based on the bathtub model proposed by Parkins, as discussed briefly in the following paragraph.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crack Growth Sensitivity to the Magnitude and Frequency of Load Fluctuation in Stage 1b of High-pH Stress Corrosion Cracking

Niazi

Nelson

Lamborn³

et al. 2021

Corrosion

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Pipelines undergo sequential stages before failure caused by High pH Stress Corrosion Cracking (HpHSCC). These sequential stages are incubation stage, intergranular crack initiation (Stage 1a), crack evolution to provide the condition for mechanically driven crack growth (Stage 1b), sustainable mechanically driven crack propagation (Stage 2), and rapid crack propagation to failure (Stage 3). The crack propagation mechanisms in Stage 1b are composed of the nucleation and growth of secondary cracks on the free surface and crack coalescence of secondary cracks with one another and the primary crack. These mechanisms continue until the stress intensity factor (K) at the crack tip reaches a critical value, known as KISCC. This investigation took a novel approach to study Stage 1b in using pre-cracked Compact Tension (CT) specimens. Using pre-cracked specimens and maintaining K at less than KISCC provided an opportunity to study crack initiation on the surface of the specimen under plane stress conditions in the presence of a pre-existing crack. In the present work, the effects of cyclic loading characteristics on crack growth behavior during Stage 1b were studied. It was observed that the pre-existing cracks during Stage 1b led to the initiation of secondary cracks. The initiation of the secondary cracks at the crack tip depended on loading characteristics, i.e., the amplitude and frequency of load fluctuations. The secondary cracks at the crack tip can be classified into four categories based on their positions with respect to the primary crack. A high density of intergranular cracks formed in the cyclic plastic zone generated by low R-ratio cycles. The higher the frequency of the low R-ratio cycles, the higher the density of the intergranular cracks forming in the cyclic plastic zone. The crack growth rate increased with an increase in either the amplitude or the frequency of the load fluctuations. The minimum and maximum crack growth rates were 8×10-9 mm/s and 4.2×10-7 mm/s, respectively, with R-ratio varying between 0.2 and 0.9, frequency varying between 10-4 Hz and 5×10-2 Hz, and at a fixed stress intensity factor of 15 MPa.m0.5. It was found that avoiding rapid and large load fluctuations slowed down crack geometry evolution and delayed onset of Stage 2. The implication of these results for pipeline operators is that reducing internal pressure fluctuations by reducing the frequency and/or amplitude of the fluctuations can expand Stage 1 and increase the reliable lifetime of operating pipelines.

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“…Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) has become a common problem for most underground gas pipelines (Newman and Procter, 1990; Alimov et al , 2015; Cheng, 2013; Gamboa, 2015; Pouraziz et al , 2020), which caused gas pipeline accidents recorded in the USA, Canada, Russia, Australia and Iran (The World Factbook, 2021; Alimov et al , 2015; Cheng, 2013; Lavigne et al , 2018; SadeghiMeresht et al , 2011). In the Russian territory, SCC of gas pipelines is usually observed in soil environments with a pH value close to neutral (Shirband et al , 2015; Li et al , 2008; Ryakhovskikh et al , 2018; Fang et al , 2007; Cui et al , 2016). The factor accompanying the early formation of SCC defects after 10–12 years (Tyzack, 1971; Connolly et al , 2006; Ryakhovskikh and Bogdanov, 2021; Zhao et al , 2017) of gas pipeline operation is their insulation using polyethylene tapes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safe operation of gas pipelines based on the control of stress corrosion cracking

Ryakhovskikh¹,

Kashkovskiy²,

Kaverin³

et al. 2021

IJSI

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PurposeThe paper is devoted to the phenomenon of stress corrosion cracking (SCC), which is an urgent problem for major operator companies that use large-diameter gas transport systems built in the second half of the last century. The aim of the study is to predict the operability of gas pipelines with SCC and ensure their safe operation.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology of the article mainly consisted of strength calculations, mathematical and analytical approaches.FindingsThe paper describes practical methods of assessing the residual service life and operability of pipes with SCC defects as part of gas pipelines, the developed approaches to assessing the point of failure of pipes, provides recommendations for developing requirements to ILI smart tools in order to detect cracks and the methods of pipe repair depending on the SCC defect parameters.Originality/valueThe originality of the study consists in the analytical description of the point of destruction of gas pipelines with SCC, assessment of their performance, as well as the definition of modern requirements for the accuracy of in-line inspection to ensure the detection of potentially dangerous SCC defects.

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Intergranular stress corrosion cracking of steel gas pipelines in weak alkaline soil electrolytes

Cited by 31 publications

References 18 publications

Crack Propagation Behavior of Impact Fracture in Case Hardening Steel Subjected to Combined Heat Treatment with Excess Vacuum Carburizing and Subsequent Induction Hardening

Crack Propagation Behavior of Impact Fracture in Case Hardening Steel Subjected to Combined Heat Treatment with Excess Vacuum Carburizing and Subsequent Induction Hardening

Crack Growth Sensitivity to the Magnitude and Frequency of Load Fluctuation in Stage 1b of High-pH Stress Corrosion Cracking

Safe operation of gas pipelines based on the control of stress corrosion cracking

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