Interferon regulatory factors 4 and 8 in rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus: Structural and expressional evidence for their antimicrobial role in teleosts

Molecular characterization and expression analysis of eleven interferon regulatory factors in half-smooth tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis

“…This ubiquitous tissue expression pattern was similar to that reported for other fish, including Polyodon spathula [63], O. mykiss [48,69], L. crocea [50], P. olivaceus [39,76,77], and O. fasciatus [70,73]. IRF1, IRF2X1, IRF4a, IRF5, IRF7, and IRF8 exhibited relatively high levels of expression in immune organs, including the spleen, HK, liver, gill, and blood.…”

“…In fish, SRD previously was reported predominantly to exist in IRF3, IRF5, and IRF7 [49,71,72]. In a recent study, SRD was found to exist in the IRF4 of Oplegnathus fasciatus [73]. In our study, we found that SRD was present not only in IRF3, IRF5, and IRF7, but also in IRF4a and IRF4b.…”

“…For instance, the IRF1 of Pseudosciaena crocea and O. mykiss were highly expressed in the gill, spleen, and kidney [48,51]. The IRF2 of S. chuatsi was highly expressed in the HK [47], and the IRF4 and IRF8 of O. fasciatus and O. mykiss were found to be expressed predominantly in lymphomyeloid rich tissues, particularly the spleen, gill, and HK [68,73,77,78]. IRF5 from P. olivaceus and O. fasciatus were highly expressed in the gill, HK, and liver [40,72], and IRF7 from L. crocea and S. maximus were highly expressed in the liver and kidney [37,50].…”

Interferon regulatory factor 10 (IRF10): Cloning in orange spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, and evolutionary analysis in vertebrates

“…It is clearly illustrated in this study, as reported in our previous study [26], that IRF10 was clustered with IRF4, IRF8 and IRF9, indicating that these four IRF members might have been derived from a common ancestor [25,27,45,46]. As illustrated in Fig.…”

Regulation pattern of fish irf4 (the gene encoding IFN regulatory factor 4) by STAT6, c-Rel and IRF4

“…IRF4 has been characterized recently in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus) and rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus), which is upregulated by PMA, virus, and pathogenic bacteria (Bathige et al, 2012;Holland et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2011;Xu et al, 2015), indicating that fish IRF4 is involved in the antimicrobial process of innate immune response. As a homolog of mammalian IRF4, the regulatory patterns of fish irf4 and its roles other than innate immunity are still unknown.…”