Interferometer techniques for gravitational-wave detection

Bond, C.; Brown, D.; Freise, A.; Strain, K. A.

doi:10.1007/s41114-016-0002-8

Cited by 71 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 143 publications

(153 reference statements)

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“…where: φ s , is the grating angle; Λ s , is the grating period; u n,m (x, y, z) ≡ u n (x, z)u m (y, z); and, The grating period has been increased from 80 µm (10 pixels) which was used in the experiment, to 1536 µm and the number of pixels decreased by a factor 10 in both directions, to provide a legible figure. is the spatial mode distribution function at the waist. All other parameters are defined as per [36]. This pattern was compared in simulation to a phase-pattern produced with phase and effective amplitude encoding [39].…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

High dynamic range spatial mode decomposition

Jones¹,

Wang²,

Mow–Lowry³

et al. 2020

Opt. Express

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Accurate readout of low-power optical higher-order spatial modes is of increasing importance to the precision metrology community. Mode sensors are used to prevent mode mismatches from degrading quantum and thermal noise mitigation strategies. Direct mode analysis sensors (MODAN) are a promising technology for real time monitoring of arbitrary higher-order modes. We demonstrate MODAN with photo-diode readout to mitigate the typically low dynamic range of CCDs. We look for asymmetries in the response our sensor to break degeneracies in the relative alignment of the MODAN and photo-diode and consequently improve the dynamic range of the mode sensor. We provide a tolerance analysis and show methodology that can be applied for sensors beyond first order spatial modes.

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Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

High dynamic range spatial mode decomposition

Jones¹,

Wang²,

Mow–Lowry³

et al. 2020

Opt. Express

Self Cite

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“…This description is extremely useful to analyse complex optical systems, and the coupling factors c jnm can yield information about the system's intrinsic imperfections [63]. We denote with HG nm the projection of the field on the eigenfunction defined by the nm-th order HG mode (given by j c jnm ).…”

Section: Transverse Modesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We assume from now on that the cavity medium is vacuum. We also adopt the convention of 0 • phase shift on reflections and 90 • phase shift on transmission, which is the common notation used today in the analysis of modern optical systems due to its symmetry [63].…”

Section: Time-domain Model Of the Fabry-perot Resonatormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…G ravitational waves eluded science's best efforts to detect them for decades due to their extremely weak nature. The strength of a gravitational wave is parametrised by the so called strain h, which relates to the relative length change induced by the wave along one of its polarisation axes by [63] h(t) ≡ ∆L(t) L , (9.1) and is extremely small. Only the most violent astrophysical events, like the coalescence of two black holes, will emit gravitational waves generating a large enough strain that we may hope to detect here on Earth.…”

Section: 1 Detectors and Noise Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optical Cavities for Optical Atomic Clocks, Atom Interferometry and Gravitational-Wave Detection

Álvarez

2019

Springer Theses

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A mis hermanas Ángela e Isabel y a mis abuelas Pepita y Consuelo. v Abstract I t is an extremely exciting time for physics. In the last 100 years we have moved from the formulation of Einstein's general relativity to the first direct observation of gravitational waves in late 2015 by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO). Within that time science and technology have come a long way: we have learned to use light to cool atoms to nearly absolute zero temperature, and to use atomic transitions in the microwave and optical regimes to devise the most accurate time and frequency references. We have observed the wave-like behaviour of cold atoms in diffraction experiments using both micro-fabricated structures and the periodic structure of light beams. Exploiting this wave-like behaviour, we have constructed atom interferometers which allow us to test and measure gravity in a new scale. All of these amazing experiments have one thing in common, from LIGO's giant 4 km arms to the transportable atomic clocks sent to space or the atom interferometers that will someday replace current navigation systems, they all make use of a device that has become essential in many areas of science and technology: the Fabry-Perot optical cavity.This thesis delves deeply into the application of optical cavities at the forefront of experimental physics, and it is divided into three parts, each pertaining to a different field where optical cavities are a key technology. Part I of the thesis follows the development of a next-generation, thermal-noise-limited, ultra-stable optical cavity for use as the reference oscillator in optical atomic clocks. This is part of the effort being carried out at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK in the field of precision metrology of time and frequency towards redefining the base SI unit of time, the second, in terms of an optical frequency standard. Part II presents work in the application of optical cavities for enhancing the sensitivity of atom interferometers, with an analysis of multi-photon Bragg diffraction inside an optical cavity. This led to an exploration of the true potential and limitations of the technique. The findings were used to aid the design of the MIGA experiment in France, and design a multi-mirror cavity for enhanced atom interferometry that overcomes some of the limitations of two-mirror cavities. Lastly, Part III presents work towards enhancing current and future laser interferometer gravitational-wave detectors by using near-unstable optical cavities in order to reduce the mirror coating thermal-noise floor, and by modelling parametric oscillatory instabilities that arise in the interferometers from the coupling between the optical field and the mechanical resonances of the test masses. The work carried out during the extent of this PhD, and the variety of contexts, accounts for the relevance and versatility of such an elegant setup as the Fabry-Perot optical cavity is. vii AcknowledgementsThis work was realised with the financial support of the Defen...

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“…This could lead to difficulties in injecting the pump beam into the cavity, as major losses could occur due to the initial back reflection from the in-coupling mirror (see Figure 5 (b)). In order to minimize such losses the optical cavity must be impedance-matched [54,55]. To achieve this, the transmission coefficient of the in-coupling mirror for the pump radiation wavelength must be equal to all the other losses occurring inside the cavity, mathematically given by:…”

Section: Impedance Matchingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas-phase Raman spectroscopy of non-reacting flows: comparison between free-space and cavity-based spontaneous Raman emission

2019

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We report on a comparison of free space and Cavity-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (CERS) for gas phase measurements of nitrogen and oxygen in ambient air. Real time analysis capabilities, and continuous Raman signals with low power diodes, make the technique noninvasive, affordable, compact and applicable for usage in non-reacting flows. We derive a comprehensive model for estimation of photon emission for both free space and cavity based signals and discuss trade-offs in how to organize the cavity geometry for maximum gain relative to free space. Measurements in both free and cavity configurations are compared to the expected signals, demonstrating the usefulness of the model in predicting amplification. The present results can serve as a quick guide on how to use low power continuous wave lasers in a cavity setup to obtain enhanced laser induced spontaneous Raman scattering.

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Interferometer techniques for gravitational-wave detection

Cited by 71 publications

References 143 publications

High dynamic range spatial mode decomposition

High dynamic range spatial mode decomposition

Optical Cavities for Optical Atomic Clocks, Atom Interferometry and Gravitational-Wave Detection

Gas-phase Raman spectroscopy of non-reacting flows: comparison between free-space and cavity-based spontaneous Raman emission

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