Interfering images at sentence retrieval.

Cross-modality semantic integration of sentence and picture memory.

“…The present study is a more specific test of the process of cross-modality integration. The primary difference between the present study and the cross-modality condition of Sasson (1971) is in the relationship between the original items and the interpolated items. In the study by Sasson, each interpolated picture either was an exact pictorial representation of a previously presented sentence (the related item) or was not relevant to a previously presented sentence.…”

“…Subjects' responses were affected by the wording of an intervening set of questions that was included between the presentation of the visual scene and the test questions. Sasson (1971) and Sasson and Fraisse (1972) also reported results that suggest that information presented pictorially and verbally does make contact in memory. In the first of these studies, subjects were presented concrete sentences in the original learning phase followed by pictorial or verbal interpolated learning tasks.…”

Memory Structures and Learning Outcomes

“…Paivio (1971, p. 450) originally proposed that the recall of concrete sentences would be aided by imagery of nouns and noun phrases, making possible the reconstruction of sentences (propositions); and some studies (Begg & Paivio, 1969;Yuille & Holyoak, 1974) appear to support this view. It is of interest, too, that pictures coupled with imagery instructions can under some conditions interfere with the retention of concrete sentences (Sasson, 1971;Sasson & Fraissee, 1972). Presumably such effects would be interpreted by Rohwer (1973) as arising from "antagonistic prompts."…”

Methodological problems with the use of the retroactive interference design to infer what is stored

“…beginning with two studies on the representation of memory for phrases and sentences. Sasson (1971) presented subjects with concrete sentences. Prior to recall.…”