Interference-Mitigated ZigBee-Based Advanced Metering Infrastructure

Review of state-of-the-art wireless technologies and applications in smart cities

“…There are already potential solutions for large scale AMI. In [20][21][22], high-traffic communication in BANs with high rises is proposed. A multiinterface management framework was defined and designed to coordinate the operation between multiple interfaces based on a tree-based mesh (T-Mesh) ZigBee topology, which supports both mesh and tree routing in a single network [20].…”

“…A multiinterface management framework was defined and designed to coordinate the operation between multiple interfaces based on a tree-based mesh (T-Mesh) ZigBee topology, which supports both mesh and tree routing in a single network [20]. Based on [20], interference mitigation and optimization on the network was further developed afterwards for high rises [22]. Channel swapping algorithm was designed for ZigBee based AMI and optimal solutions by considering BER delay and transmission rate was obtained.…”

“…However, the aforementioned AMIs [22] have not addressed the power consumption issue. Since in reality portability is demanded, a low power solution is desperately required.…”

“…Especially if the uplink and the downlink frequencies are similar, the calculated signalto-noise ratios (SNRs) at transmitters and receivers using link budget equation can reveal whether two channels are corrupted or not. The empirical formula of link budget equation is [22]:…”

Cyber-Physical System Security of a Power Grid: State-of-the-Art

“…Through monitoring load profiles, detection systems are able to recognize anomalies, such as the drastic change of power usage at a specific time instant and unusual power usage patterns. Another purpose of detection systems [55][56][57] is to secure the communication and avoid information leakage. Authorization, authentication and encryption technologies are applied to enhance the security of private information.…”