Interference Between St. Louis Encephalitis Virus and Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus (Western Type) in the Chick Embryo

Abstract

Interference between two unrelated viruses is reported. Equine encephalomyelitis virus grows only to a limited degree, if at all, when injected into chick embryos in which St. Louis encephalitis virus is being propagated.

Increased Risk of Noninfluenza Respiratory Virus Infections Associated With Receipt of Inactivated Influenza Vaccine

“…The phenomenon of virus interference has been well known in virology for >60 years [24][25][26][27]. Ecological studies have reported phenomena potentially explained by viral interference [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11].…”

Interval Between Infections and Viral Hierarchy Are Determinants of Viral Interference Following Influenza Virus Infection in a Ferret Model

“…been described in humans [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Within populations, different respiratory viruses reach their epidemic peaks at different times [8][9][10][11].…”

Some Alterations in Chicken Erythrocytes Which Follow Treatment with Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus

“…A review of the literature on interference such as is presented by Ziegler and Horsfall (1944) indicates that viruses widely different in antigenicity may cause interference and that this may or may not be reciprocal depending upon the particular agents studied. This has been further documented by the more recent work of Duffy (1944) showing reciprocal interference in the chick embryo with St. Louis encephalitis and Western equine encephalitis viruses, and by that of Lennette and Koprowski (1946) in tissue culture in which yellow fever and West Nile viruses are shown to interfere with infection by PR8 virus, although PR8 does not interfere with infection by the former viruses. The importance of the conditions under which these experiments are performed is shown by a report of Henle and Henle (1945) in which, after using inactivated virus as a first inoculum and an unspecified concentration of active virus as the second, they presented evidence, unlike Ziegler and Horsfall (1944), for reciprocal interference in the chick embryo between PR8…”