The low salinity
effect (LSE) in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is
widely accepted. However, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear
due in part to the complex interactions at the oil/brine/rock interface.
The chemistry of brine largely depends on the ionic composition. Thus,
in this work, attention was placed on the roles of individual ions
and salinity in LSE through direct measurements of oil/brine/rock
interfacial behaviors, oil displacement efficiencies, and oil–water
relative permeability in sandstone porous media. The results showed
that the oil/water interfacial tensions (IFTs) were weakly dependent
on ion and the lowest IFTs were generated at the salinities of 0.2–0.5
wt %. In contrast, the interfacial dilational modulus varied significantly
with ion types and salinities due to the adsorption of polar components
at the oil/water interface. Moreover, wettability alteration of the
sandstone surface was found to be associated with the divalent ions
in our work. As a result of the viscoelastic interfaces, the breakage
of oil column into oil droplets or ganglia was delayed, which subsequently
led to the improvement of the oil–water relative permeability
and oil displacement efficiencies. Based on the analysis, it was concluded
that HCO3
–, Mg2+, and SO4
2– were potential-determining ions (PDIs)
in LSE. The results of the tests, to our knowledge, are the first
that particularly emphasize the roles of individual ions at the interfaces
and oil–water flow patterns in porous media.