Interfacial Modification for High-Efficiency Vapor-Phase-Deposited Perovskite Solar Cells Based on a Metal Oxide Buffer Layer

Abstract

Vacuum deposition is one of the most technologically relevant techniques for the fabrication of perovskite solar cells. The most efficient vacuum-based devices rely on doped organic contacts, compromising the long-term stability of the system. Here, we introduce an inorganic electron-transporting material to obtain power conversion efficiencies matching the best performing vacuum-deposited devices, with open-circuit potential close to the thermodynamic limit. We analyze the leakage current reduction and the interfacial recombination improvement upon use of a thin (<10 nm) interlayer of C, as well as a more favorable band alignment after a bias/ultraviolet light activation process. This work presents an alternative for organic contacts in highly efficient vacuum-deposited perovskite solar cells.

Lead‐Free Double Perovskite Cs2SnX6: Facile Solution Synthesis and Excellent Stability

“…Whereas the former requires metal halide precursors to be dissolved in polar organic solvents with high boiling points such as dimethyl formamide (DMF) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), [28,29] the latter needs to be performed with particular equipment and atmosphere. [30,31] That is, both techniques demand rigorous operation conditions, such as low humidity, inert gas atmosphere, high vacuum, and so on. [26][27][28] Moreover, it is impractical to use these methods to fabricate and deploy perovskites in large scale because of the limited production yield in such procedures.…”

“…On the other hand, currently there are two commonly adopted approaches to prepare perovskite film‐based optoelectronic devices, including solution‐based or vapor‐based deposition techniques. Whereas the former requires metal halide precursors to be dissolved in polar organic solvents with high boiling points such as dimethyl formamide (DMF) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), the latter needs to be performed with particular equipment and atmosphere . That is, both techniques demand rigorous operation conditions, such as low humidity, inert gas atmosphere, high vacuum, and so on .…”

Scalable Deposition Methods for Large‐area Production of Perovskite Thin Films

“…The result was a slightly better performing structure in which the light passes the n-type charge extraction layer first, as can be seen in Figure 12f. [135] (a) (b) Despite the fact that this bandgap combination is not ideally matched for optimal performance, [133] a small-area device with g = 18.1% was demonstrated.…”

“…Co-evaporation 1 ITO/F 6 -TCNNQ/spiro-MeO-TPD/MAPI x Cl x /C60/Ag 0.064 10.9% [119] Co-evaporation 1 ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polyTPD/MAPI/PCBM/Au 0.06 12.7% [118] Co-evaporation 1 FTO/c.l.-TiO 2 /MAPI x Cl x /spiro/Ag 0.05 9.9% [124] Co-evaporation 1 ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PCDTBT/MAPI/PC60BM/LiF/Ag 0.2 16.5% [120] Co-evaporation 1 ITO/CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3x Cl x /C60/Bphen/Al 0.1 6.1% [127] Co-evaporation 1 ITO/MoO 3 /NPB/MAPI/C60/BCP/A 0.04 13.7% [121] Co-evaporation 1 FTO/PEDOT:PSS/CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3x Cl x /PCBM/Ag 0.12 10.5% [126] Co-evaporation 1 FTO/TiO 2 /MAPI/spiro/Au 0.05 11.5% [110] Co-evaporation 1 FTO/c.l.-TiO 2 /MAPI/spiro/Au 0.16 12.0% [125] Co-evaporation 1 FTO/C60/MAPI/spiro/Au 0.08 14.6%* [128] Co-evaporation 1 FTO/c-TiO 2 /CsPbIBr 2 /Au 0.159 4.7% [137] Co-evaporation 1 ITO/C60:PhIm/C60/MAPI/TaTm/TaTm:F6-TCNNQ/Ag 0.1 19.7%* [132] 0.85 15.0%* Co-evaporation 1 ITO/TiO 2 /IPH/CsFAPbIBr/TaTm/TaTm:F6-TCNNQ/C60:PhIm/C60/MAPI/TaTm/TaTm:F 6 -TCNNQ/Au 0.06 18.1%* [134] Co-evaporation 1 FTO/c-TiO 2 /PCBM/MAPI/Spiro/Ag 0.0919 15.0%* [131] Co-evaporation 1 ITO/Ca/C60/CsPbIBr 2 /TAPC:MoO 3 /MoO 3 /Ag 0.051 11.8%* [138] Co-evaporation 1 FTO/C60/FAPI/Spiro/Ag 0.0919 14.2%* [139] Co-evaporation 1 ITO/C60:PhIm/C60/MAPIBr/TaTm/TaTm:F6-TCNNQ/Au 0.06 15.7%* [140] Co-evaporation 1 ITO/C60:PhIm/C60/CsFAMAPIBr/TaTm/TaTm:F6-TCNNQ/Au 0.06 16.0%* [143] Co-evaporation 1 ITO/TiO 2 /C60/MAPI/TaTm/TaTm:F6-TCNNQ 0.06 20.8%* [135] Co-evaporation 1 FTO/c-TiO 2 /CsPbBr 3 /Spiro/Au 0.09 6.95% [150] 1 5.37%…”

Light-induced charge transfer at the CH3NH3PbI3/TiO2 interface—a low-temperature photo-electron paramagnetic resonance assay

“…The archetypal halide perovskite and also the first successfully employed MHP in solar cells, methylammonium lead triiodide, CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 (hereinafter MAPbI 3 ), is continuing to be used as a model material to study the transfer mechanisms of light-generated carriers in various types of bilayer MHP/ETL or MHP/ HTL systems [29][30][31].…”