Interest (mis)alignments in representative negotiations: Do pro-social agents fuel or reduce inter-group conflict?

Aaldering, Hillie; Greer, Lindred L.; Kleef, Gerben A. van; Dreu, Carsten K. W. De

doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.06.001

Cited by 37 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. more parochial cooperation than universal cooperation (Aaldering, Greer, Van Kleef, & De Dreu, 2013;Abbink, Brandts, Hermann, & Orzen, 2012;De Dreu, 2010;De Dreu et al, 2010; also see Polzer, 2004). Importantly, however, according to SIT we should see this tendency toward increased parochial cooperation among prosocials especially in the NSD-IPD and less in the NSD, where parochial cooperation can do little to differentiate the ingroup from the out-group.…”

Section: Social Value Orientation and Parochial Cooperationmentioning

confidence: 95%

Parochial cooperation in nested intergroup dilemmas is reduced when it harms out-groups.

Aaldering

Velden

Kleef

et al. 2018

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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In intergroup settings, humans often contribute to their in-group at a personal cost. Such parochial cooperation benefits the in-group and creates and fuels intergroup conflict when it simultaneously hurts out-groups. Here, we introduce a new game paradigm in which individuals can display universal cooperation (which benefits both in- and out-group) as well as parochial cooperation that does, versus does not hurt the out-group. Using this set-up, we test hypotheses derived from group selection theory, social identity, and bounded generalized reciprocity theory. Across three experiments we find, first, that individuals choose parochial over universal cooperation. Second, there was no evidence for a motive to maximize differences between in- and out-group, which is central to both group selection and social identity theory. However, fitting bounded generalized reciprocity theory, we find that individuals with a prosocial value orientation display parochial cooperation, provided that this does not harm the out-group; individualists, in contrast, display parochialism whether or not nut it hurts the out-group. Our findings were insensitive to cognitive taxation (Experiments 2-3), and emerged even when universal cooperation served social welfare more than parochialism (Experiment 3). (PsycINFO Database Record

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Section: Social Value Orientation and Parochial Cooperationmentioning

confidence: 95%

Parochial cooperation in nested intergroup dilemmas is reduced when it harms out-groups.

Aaldering

Velden

Kleef

et al. 2018

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Self Cite

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“…requires the in-group to invest more than competing groups, leaving all in-group members better off in case of success. Investments in intergroup conflict for the benefit of the in-group or to hurt the out-group at one's own cost (e.g., parochial altruism [Bernhard et al 2006]) may depend on SVO (Aaldering et al 2013; but see Thielmann & Böhm 2016). Among individuals who chronically disregard or discount their own outcomes and assign positive value to in-group or negative value to out-group outcomes, self-sacrifice could be understood as a rational (yet extreme) tool for resolving intergroup conflict.…”

Section: Extreme Self-sacrifice Reflects a Basic Cognitive Biasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dying for the group: Towards a general theory of extreme self-sacrifice

Whitehouse¹

2018

Behav Brain Sci

154

166

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Whether upheld as heroic or reviled as terrorism, throughout history people have been willing to lay down their lives for the sake of their groups. Why? Previous theories of extreme self-sacrifice have highlighted a range of seemingly disparate factors such as collective identity, outgroup hostility, and kin psychology. This paper attempts to integrate many of these factors into a single overarching theory based on several decades of collaborative research with a range of special populations, from tribes in Papua New Guinea to Libyan insurgents, and from Muslim fundamentalists in Indonesia to Brazilian football hooligans. These studies suggest that extreme self-sacrifice is motivated by 'identity fusion', a visceral sense of oneness with the group resulting from intense collective experiences (e.g. painful rituals or the horrors of frontline combat) or from perceptions of shared biology. In ancient foraging societies, fusion would have enabled warlike bands to stand united despite strong temptations to scatter and flee. The fusion mechanism has often been exploited in cultural rituals, not only by tribal societies but also in specialized cells embedded in armies, cults, and terrorist organizations. With the rise of social complexity and the spread of states and empires, fusion has also been extended to much larger groups, including doctrinal religions, ethnicities, and ideological movements. Explaining extreme self-sacrifice is not only a scientific priority but also a practical challenge as we seek a collective response to suicide terrorism and other extreme expressions of outgroup hostility that continue to bedevil humanity today.

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“…Second, we examined whether parochial altruism is stronger among individuals who value fairness and cooperation (henceforth “pro-socials,” Van Lange, 1999 ), compared to those who value personal outcomes, and relative gain (henceforth “pro-selfs”). While evolutionary perspectives on parochial altruism are silent about the possibility that individual differences in value orientation impacts parochial altruism, several studies indicate that in intergroup competition, pro-social individuals display stronger parochial altruism, and a desire to benefit the in-group in particular, than pro-selfs ( De Dreu, 2010 ; De Dreu et al, 2010 ; Abbink et al, 2012 ; Aaldering et al, 2013 ). We expected to replicate this finding, and explored whether cognitive taxation interacts with social value orientation in driving parochial altruism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In intergroup conflict, self-sacrifice is stronger among pro-social individuals, and parochial altruism emerges especially among cognitively taxed individuals

2015

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Parochial altruism is decomposed in a tendency to benefit the in-group along with a tendency to ignore, derogate, and harm rivaling out-groups. Building off recent work suggesting that decisions to cooperate can be relatively fast and intuitive, we examine parochial altruism in intergroup conflict when cognitive deliberation is rendered difficult or not. Predictions were tested in an experiment using an incentivized Intergroup Prisoner’s Dilemma–Maximizing Differences Game with 95 subjects classified as either pro-social or pro-self being randomly allocated to high vs. low impulse-control conditions. Results showed, first of all, that self-sacrificial decisions to contribute were made faster than decisions not to contribute, and that faster decision time associated with more positive expectations of in-group members. Second, we observed that lowering impulse control with a difficult rather than easy Stroop Task increased the amount contributed to a pool that benefited in-group members while harming out-group members; thus reducing deliberation increased parochial altruism. Finally, results replicated earlier work showing that especially pro-social (vs. pro-self) individuals contributed more to the in-group and did not lower their contributions to the between-group pool that benefitted their in-group and, simultaneously, hurt the out-group. This pattern emerged independent of their impulse control. Thus, (in-group bounded) cooperation is more prominent among individuals with strong rather than weak other-regarding preferences. Moreover, the intuitive tendency to cooperate may have evolved in the context of intergroup conflict and therefore is sharp-edged—in-group bounded and including willingness to aggress out-groups.

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Interest (mis)alignments in representative negotiations: Do pro-social agents fuel or reduce inter-group conflict?

Cited by 37 publications

References 67 publications

Parochial cooperation in nested intergroup dilemmas is reduced when it harms out-groups.

Parochial cooperation in nested intergroup dilemmas is reduced when it harms out-groups.

Dying for the group: Towards a general theory of extreme self-sacrifice

In intergroup conflict, self-sacrifice is stronger among pro-social individuals, and parochial altruism emerges especially among cognitively taxed individuals

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