Interendothelial junctions during blood-brain barrier development in the rat: morphological changes at the level of individual tight junctional contacts

Schulze, C.; Firth, J. A.

doi:10.1016/0165-3806(92)90125-g

Cited by 99 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…had continuous nonfenestrated endothelium, and the abutting endothelial cells were connected by tight junctionlike structures. Tight junctions in blood vessels of the brain are the anatomical sites of the blood-brain barrier (Schulze and Firth, 1992), and their apparent presence in blood vessels of the mouse S.m.g. suggests that a blood-ganglion barrier exists in this ganglion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light, electron, and confocal microscopic study of the mouse superior mesenteric ganglion

et al. 1996

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The superior mesenteric ganglion (S.m.g.), a sympathetic prevertebral ganglion, is an integrating center for gastrointestinal reflexes. Many details of its structure are still lacking. In the present study, mouse S.m.g. neurons were studied by light, electron, and confocal microscopy. Neurons had an average of 5-6 primary dendrites. Total dendritic length averaged 963 microns. Confocal microscopy and three-dimensional reconstructed images revealed cell body surface features, precise location where axons and dendrites emerged from it, cell body size, and extent of dendritic projection in three axes. Cell body diameter and dendritic projections were less in the dorsoventral than in the rostrocaudal or mediolateral axes. Cell body surface area and volume averaged 4,271 microns 2 and 4,908 microns 3, respectively. Dendritic surface areas and volumes were 5-6 times larger. Two main neuron types (projecting caudally or rostrally) were distinguished. The former were found throughout the S.m.g., whereas the latter were found only in the cephalad region, comprising about 40% of neurons found there. Rostrally projecting neurons had fewer primary dendrites, fewer total dendritic branches, and shorter total dendritic length than caudally projecting neurons. There were regional differences in percentage of neurons responding to electrical stimulation of left or right hypogastric, lumbar colonic, or left splanchnic nerves but not in nerve fibers connecting the S.m.g. and celiac ganglion. A greater percentage of caudally than rostrally projecting cephalad neurons responded to stimulation of any nerve trunk. These results indicate that the mouse S.m.g. contains at least two distinct types of neurons that differ in their morphology and their source of preganglionic synaptic input.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light, electron, and confocal microscopic study of the mouse superior mesenteric ganglion

et al. 1996

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“…In rodents, the blood brain barrier is completely differentiated and functioning in postnatal life (Schulze and Firth, 1992). However, the brain development is associated with the blood brain barrier being already structurally and functionally developed in embryonic life in birds (Wakai and Hirokawa, 1978;Roncali et al, 1986).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Dependent Changes in the mRNA Levels of Neuropeptide Y, Proopiomelanocortin, and Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in the Hypothalamus in Growing Broiler Chicks

et al. 2013

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Lines of evidence suggest that hypothalamic neuropeptides have a physiological role in the regulation of food intake in mammals. However, little is known about the age-dependent change of hypothalamic neuropeptides in chicks. In this study, we investigated the age-dependent changes in hypothalamic mRNA levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY, an orexigenic neuropeptide), proopiomelanocortin (POMC, the precursor of anorexigenic neuropeptides), and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF, a possible mediator in the POMC-induced anorexigenic pathway) in growing broiler chicks. The weights of body and abdominal adipose tissue of chicks were measured at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of age, and the hypothalamic mRNA levels of NPY, POMC, and CRF were analyzed by real-time PCR. Hypothalamic NPY mRNA levels at 14 and 28 days of age were significantly (P＜0.05) lower than that at 7 days of age. Hypothalamic POMC mRNA level at 28 days of age was significantly lower than that at 7 days of age. Hypothalamic CRF mRNA level was not affected throughout the experimental period. Abdominal adipose tissue weight was significantly increased after 14 days of age in chicks. Our findings demonstrated that the expressions of NPY and POMC are dependent on age in boiler chicken hypothalamus.

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“…While the formation is nearly complete in most brain areas at birth, the brain barriers remain functionally immature and permeable, and in some species, it remains in such a state long after birth. 42,43 An age-dependent maturation also occurs in the BCB. 44 During early development, the leaky structure of brain barriers is physiologically necessary to accommodate the high demand of blood-borne nutrients by the growing brain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early lead exposure increases the leakage of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, in vitro

Shi¹,

Zheng

2007

Hum Exp Toxicol

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The cell type constructing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB) is entirely different, ie, endothelia in BBB and epithelia in BCB. Nonetheless, both barriers share a common character - the tight junctions (TJ) between adjacent cells. This study investigated the consequence of lead (Pb) exposure on the tightness of BCB. In an in vitro BCB transwell model, using immortalized choroidal epithelial Z310 cells, we found that early exposure to Pb (prior to the formation of tight barrier) at 5 and 10 μM, significantly reduced the tightness of BCB, as evidenced by a 20% reduction in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values ( P <0.05), and >20% increase in the paracellular permeability of [14C]sucrose ( P <0.05). Exposure to Pb after the formation of tight barrier, however, did not cause any detectable barrier dysfunction. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses on typical TJ proteins revealed that Pb exposure decreased both the mRNA and protein levels of claudin-1, with the membrane-bound claudin-1 more profoundly affected than cytosolic claudin-1. Pb exposure, however, had no significant effect on ZO1 and occludin. These data suggest that Pb exposure selectively alters the cellular level of claudin-1, which, in turn, reduces the tightness and augments the permeability of tight blood-CSF barrier. The immature barrier appears to be more vulnerable to Pb toxicity than the mature, well-developed, brain barrier, the fact possibly contributing to Pb-induced neurotoxicity among young children.

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Interendothelial junctions during blood-brain barrier development in the rat: morphological changes at the level of individual tight junctional contacts

Cited by 99 publications

References 25 publications

Light, electron, and confocal microscopic study of the mouse superior mesenteric ganglion

Light, electron, and confocal microscopic study of the mouse superior mesenteric ganglion

Age-Dependent Changes in the mRNA Levels of Neuropeptide Y, Proopiomelanocortin, and Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in the Hypothalamus in Growing Broiler Chicks

Early lead exposure increases the leakage of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, in vitro

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