Interdisciplinary approach to solve unusual mortalities in the European common frog (Rana temporaria) in two high-mountain ponds affected by climate change

Distribution and ecology of the generalist lactic acid bacterium Carnobacterium maltaromaticum in different freshwater habitats: Metabolic and antagonistic abilities

“…Other firmicutes can be present in higher proportions in freshwater sediments (Costa et al, 2022) that are examples of such structured habitats and therefore a more likely scenario for selection for antagonistic activity. Animals represent another example on structured habitats and indeed C. maltaromaticum has been noted as an important element of the microbial communities of amphibians and freshwater fish as well as insects, including various moths and a species of ant associated with sphagnum‐associated habitats such as the habitat III locations included in this study (Iskandar et al, 2017; Leisner et al, 2007; Liu et al, 2021; Pastorino et al, 2021; Pastorino et al, 2023; Scarparo et al, 2021; Shannon et al, 2001; Xia et al, 2017; Yu et al, 2008). Further research is needed to clarify this issue, using freshwater sediments and/or insects or fish as model systems.…”

“…This study shows that desirable probiotic traits such as antagonism towards bacterial pathogens are not necessarily a feature of a generalist lifestyle, which may limit the potential application of C. maltaromaticum as a fish probiotic. The reported pathogenicity towards amphibians and fish of some strains of this species may also present an additional hurdle for that aim (Loch et al, 2011; Pastorino et al, 2023; Roh et al, 2020).…”

“…A modification of the generalist term has been introduced for some LAB, such as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in the form of the nomadic species concept that describes a dynamic, generalist lifestyle involving both environmental and host niches with no signs of specialisation (Duar et al, 2017; Martino et al, 2016). The LAB, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum , may belong to this category as it appears to be widely distributed in the natural aquatic and terrestrial environment as well as among animals, such as amphibians, fish and insects (Iskandar et al, 2017; Leisner et al, 2007; Pastorino et al, 2023). Most other Carnobacterium species, except for Carnobacterium divergens , tend to be more strictly associated with the natural environment (Iskandar et al, 2017; Pikuta et al, 2005).…”