Interdependence of the Electricity Generation System and the Natural Gas System and Implications for Energy Security

Judson, Nicholas

doi:10.21236/ada584764

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…What data does exist on incidents impacting natural gas infrastructure is primarily focused on pipelines (PHMSA, 2018). The natural gas network's multiple redundancies mean supply can be rerouted (Judson, 2013), so there is generally little correlation between pipeline incidences and curtailment of customer load.…”

Section: Natural Gas Fuel Supplymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Perhaps the most comprehensive data set is from Liss & Rowley (2018), which uses survey data to estimate the outage rates for natural gas distribution operations. Discussions with industry experts, along with a variety of reports, provide additional insight into the cause of natural gas outages and the likelihood of natural gas outages during major disruption events (DOE, 2013;DOE, 2016;EIA, 2018;FERC/NERC, 2011;ICF, 2018;INTERCEP, 2013;Judson, 2013;Natural Gas Council, 2017;Smead, 2018). Natural gas supply is significantly more reliable than electricity (Judson, 2013).…”

Section: Natural Gas Fuel Supplymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comparison of Fuel Choice for Backup Generators

Ericson

Olis

2019

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Section: Natural Gas Fuel Supplymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Natural Gas Fuel Supplymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Fuel Choice for Backup Generators

Ericson

Olis

2019

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“…Second, fuel cells reduce carbon emission over traditional power plants by 49% [31,43]. Third, the delivery infrastructure for natural gas based fuel cells is typically buried underground, making fuel cell based power generation more robust to exposure to and damage from threats like severe storms [13,43]. These benefits make fuel cells a promising solution for powering data centers in the near future [18,19,42,43].…”

Section: Fuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Third, fuel cells are highly reliable. Natural gas fuel delivery infrastructure is typically buried underground, and is robust to threats such as severe storms [13,43]. These advantages make fuel cells a promising power source for future data centers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SizeCap: Efficiently handling power surges in fuel cell powered data centers

Wang

Ghose

et al. 2016

2016 IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)

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Fuel cells are a promising power source for future data centers, offering high energy efficiency, low greenhouse gas emissions, and high reliability. However, due to mechanical limitations related to fuel delivery, fuel cells are slow to adjust to sudden increases in data center power demands, which can result in temporary power shortfalls. To mitigate the impact of power shortfalls, prior work has proposed to either perform power capping by throttling the servers, or to leverage energy storage devices (ESDs) that can temporarily provide enough power to make up for the shortfall while the fuel cells ramp up power generation. Both approaches have disadvantages: power capping conservatively limits server performance and can lead to service level agreement (SLA) violations, while ESD-only solutions must significantly overprovision the energy storage device capacity to tolerate the shortfalls caused by the worstcase (i.e., largest) power surges, which greatly increases the total cost of ownership (TCO).We propose SizeCap, the first ESD sizing framework for fuel cell powered data centers, which coordinates ESD sizing with power capping to enable a cost-effective solution to power shortfalls in data centers. SizeCap sizes the ESD just large enough to cover the majority of power surges, but not the worst-case surges that occur infrequently, to greatly reduce TCO. It then uses the smaller capacity ESD in conjunction with power capping to cover the power shortfalls caused by the worst-case power surges. As part of our new flexible framework, we propose multiple power capping policies with different degrees of awareness of fuel cell and workload behavior, and evaluate their impact on workload performance and ESD size. Using traces from Microsoft's production data center systems, we demonstrate that SizeCap significantly reduces the ESD size (by 85% for a workload with infrequent yet large power surges, and by 50% for a workload with frequent power surges) without violating any SLAs.

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“…A gas network consists of different facilities that depend on electrical power in order to maintain normal operation (e.g., electric driven compressors, liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities, underground gas storage facilities, valves, regulators, gas meters). The usage of electric drivers in gas facilities is increasing due to advantages regarding environmental impacts and flexibility compared to gas turbines [3]. Moreover, increased availability, better control, improved energy efficiency, and shorter delivery times are other important and attractive advantages of electric drivers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Simulation Framework for Analyzing Security of Supply in Integrated Gas and Electric Power Systems

et al. 2017

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Gas and power networks are tightly coupled and interact with each other due to physically interconnected facilities. In an integrated gas and power network, a contingency observed in one system may cause iterative cascading failures, resulting in network wide disruptions. Therefore, understanding the impacts of the interactions in both systems is crucial for governments, system operators, regulators and operational planners, particularly, to ensure security of supply for the overall energy system. Although simulation has been widely used in the assessment of gas systems as well as power systems, there is a significant gap in simulation models that are able to address the coupling of both systems. In this paper, a simulation framework that models and simulates the gas and power network in an integrated manner is proposed. The framework consists of a transient model for the gas system and a steady state model for the power system based on AC-Optimal Power Flow. The gas and power system model are coupled through an interface which uses the coupling equations to establish the data exchange and coordination between the individual models. The bidirectional interlink between both systems considered in this studies are the fuel gas offtake of gas fired power plants for power generation and the power supply to liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals and electric drivers installed in gas compressor stations and underground gas storage facilities. The simulation framework is implemented into an innovative simulation tool named SAInt (Scenario Analysis Interface for Energy Systems) and the capabilities of the tool are demonstrated by performing a contingency analysis for a real world example. Results indicate how a disruption triggered in one system propagates to the other system and affects the operation of critical facilities. In addition, the studies show the importance of using transient gas models for security of supply studies instead of successions of steady state models, where the time evolution of the line pack is not captured correctly.

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Interdependence of the Electricity Generation System and the Natural Gas System and Implications for Energy Security

Cited by 19 publications

References 15 publications

A Comparison of Fuel Choice for Backup Generators

A Comparison of Fuel Choice for Backup Generators

SizeCap: Efficiently handling power surges in fuel cell powered data centers

Development of a Simulation Framework for Analyzing Security of Supply in Integrated Gas and Electric Power Systems

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