Intercontinental distribution of a new trypanosome species from Australian endemic Regent Honeyeater (<i>Anthochaera phrygia</i>)

Šlapeta, Jan; Morin-Adeline, Victoria; Thompson, Peggy; McDonell, Denise; Shiels, Michael; Gilchrist, Katrina; Votýpka, Jan; Vogelnest, Larry

doi:10.1017/s0031182016000329

Cited by 23 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…Trypanosoma spp. in Western Australia are diverse, cross-continental in distribution, and non-species specific, which is consistent with recent studies of avian trypanosomes elsewhere [8, 13, 26, 60]. Four Trypanosoma spp.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…A currently unnamed isolate from the group designated Trypanosoma spp. [13] and group C-III (Zidková et al [8]) identified in birds and mosquitoes in central Europe was found for the first time in Australia, in an Australian mudlark. While most of the Australian birds infected with these Trypanosoma spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Trypanosoma sp. AAT kDNA appear most similar to T. corvi and T. culicavium , and were less similar to those of T. avium or T. thomasbancrofti , which are much stouter in TEM micrographs [13, 26, 33]. The kDNA width of Trypanosoma sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Australia, trypanosomes have been described from a variety of wild birds [10] and while there are six Trypanosoma spp. that have been described in Australian birds since 1910 [10–13] there is a need for taxonomic redescription to ensure current described species are confirmed/correlated with molecular sequence data [6, 9]. Trypanosoma sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AAT were two images of epimastigotes exhibiting long flagella and molecular sequences from the small ribosomal subunit 18S (18S rDNA) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH ) gene regions. A subsequent study in Australia that described Trypanosoma thomasbancrofti from the regent honeyeater ( Anthochaera phrygia ) and isolated T. avium from noisy minor birds ( Manorina melanocephala ) also provided sequences from the 18S rDNA and GAPDH gene regions [13]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparative molecular and 3-dimensional structural investigation into cross-continental and novel avian Trypanosoma spp. in Australia

et al. 2017

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BackgroundMolecular and structural information on avian Trypanosoma spp. throughout Australia is limited despite their intrinsic value in understanding trypanosomatid evolution, diversity, and structural biology. In Western Australia tissue samples (n = 429) extracted from 93 birds in 25 bird species were screened using generic PCR primers to investigate the diversity of Trypanosoma spp. To investigate avian trypanosome structural biology the first 3-dimensional ultrastructural models of a Trypanosoma spp. (Trypanosoma sp. AAT) isolated from a bird (currawong, Strepera spp.) were generated using focussed ion beam milling combined with scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM).ResultsHere, we confirm four intercontinental species of avian trypanosomes in native Australian birds, and identify a new avian Trypanosoma. Trypanosome infection was identified in 18 birds from 13 different bird species (19%). A single new genotype was isolated and found to be closely related to T. culicavium (Trypanosoma sp. CC2016 B002). Other Trypanosoma spp. identified include T. avium, T. culicavium, T. thomasbancrofti, Trypanosoma sp. TL.AQ.22, Trypanosoma sp. AAT, and an uncharacterised Trypanosoma sp. (group C-III sensu Zidková et al. (Infect Genet Evol 12:102-112, 2012)), all previously identified in Australia or other continents. Serially-sectioning Trypanosoma sp. AAT epimastigotes using FIB-SEM revealed the disc-shaped kinetoplast pocket attached perpendicular to the branching mitochondrion. Additionally, the universal minicircle sequence within the kinetoplast DNA and the associated binding protein were determined in Trypanosoma sp. AAT.ConclusionsThese results indicate that bird trypanosomes are relatively conserved across continents, while being locally diverse, which supports the hypothesis that bird trypanosomes exist as fewer species than described in the literature. Evidence exists that avian Trypanosoma spp. are infecting mammals and could be transmitted by haemadipsid leeches. Trypanosoma sp. AAT is most likely a separate species currently found only in Australia and the first 3-dimentional ultrastructural analysis of an avian trypanosome provides interesting information on their morphology and organelle arrangement.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2173-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparative molecular and 3-dimensional structural investigation into cross-continental and novel avian Trypanosoma spp. in Australia

et al. 2017

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Protozoan parasites in Culex pipiens mosquitoes in Vienna

et al. 2019

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Avian malaria (Plasmodium spp.) and kinetoplastid (Trypanosoma spp.) parasites are common vector-borne pathogens in birds worldwide; however, knowledge about vector competence of different mosquito species is currently lacking. For a pilot project examining vector competence of mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex and Culex torrentium for protozoan parasites in the city of Vienna, 316 individual mosquitoes were sampled in the months June–August 2017 around the campus of the Veterinary University of Vienna. Since vector competence for avian Plasmodium can only be ascertained by finding infectious sporozoites in mosquito salivary glands, special emphasis was on examining these, or at least insect thoraxes, which contain the salivary glands. After species identification, the mosquitoes were processed in three different ways to determine the best method of visually detecting protozoan parasites in salivary glands: (1) microscopic examination of individual, fixed and Giemsa-stained salivary glands, (2) microscopic examination of stained sections of individually fixed and embedded mosquito thoraxes and (3) stained sections of individual whole insects. Material from all three groups was also subjected to PCR to detect avian haemosporidian and trypanosomatid parasite DNA. PCR was performed on all 316 collected mosquitoes, with 37 pools (n = 2–10) of 263 individuals and 53 single individuals in all together 90 PCR reactions. Avian Plasmodium was found in 18 (20%) and trypanosomatid parasites were found in 10 (11.1%) of the examined samples and pools yielded a higher proportion of positives than did individual samples. Six different species of protozoan parasites were identified, namely Plasmodium vaughani SYAT05 which was the most common, P. elongatum GRW6, P. relictum SGS1, Trypanosoma avium, T. culicavium and Crithidia dedva. Seventy-seven mosquito salivary glands were dissected and stained with Giemsa solution. Of these, one (1.3%) featured sporozoites and one (1.3%) trypanosomatid parasites. While the trypanosomes were identified as T. avium, the avian Plasmodium species were present in a mixed infection with P. vaughani SYAT05 as the dominant species. In conclusion, mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex are very likely vectors of different avian Plasmodium and Trypanosoma species and PCR was the most successful and reliable method for parasite detection in mosquito samples, delivering higher rates and more accurate results. The visual detection of parasite stages in the salivary glands was more difficult and only a few specimens were detected using Giemsa stain and chromogenic in situ hybridization. For further studies on vector competence of different protozoan parasites in mosquitoes, the use of PCR-based methods would be preferable.

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Morphological and molecular characterization of avian trypanosomes in raptors from Thailand

et al. 2019

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Intercontinental distribution of a new trypanosome species from Australian endemic Regent Honeyeater (Anthochaera phrygia)

Cited by 23 publications

References 38 publications

A comparative molecular and 3-dimensional structural investigation into cross-continental and novel avian Trypanosoma spp. in Australia

A comparative molecular and 3-dimensional structural investigation into cross-continental and novel avian Trypanosoma spp. in Australia

Protozoan parasites in Culex pipiens mosquitoes in Vienna

Morphological and molecular characterization of avian trypanosomes in raptors from Thailand

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