Interconnected Slums: Water, Sanitation and Health in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire

Obrist, Brigit; Cissé, Guéladio; Koné, Brahima; Dongo, Kouassi; Granado, Stefanie; Tanner, Marcel

doi:10.1080/09578810600708387

Cited by 38 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The trends noted above are confirmed by country case studies. In the slums of Nairobi (Kenya) and Abidjan, for example, over 80% of the population rely on sources other than household connections, including kiosks, water resellers and other small-scale providers (Obrist et al, 2006;Gulyani and Talukdar, 2008). In Lagos (Nigeria) also, only 5% of households in the city are connected to the public water system.…”

Section: The Context and Recent Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The quality of water sourced by private providers from groundwater is highly dependent on the quality of sanitation services within the locality. Evidence of this can be seen in Côte d'Ivoire (Obrist et al, 2006), and in Dar Es Salaam where outbreaks of cholera and other water-borne disease have occurred in informal settlements in the city, where inadequate sanitation facilities entail the disposal of waste in areas where groundwater is collected (WaterAid, 2003;Kyessi, 2005). The improvement of sanitation services is thus 'inextricably linked' with that of water provision (World Bank, 2006a).…”

Section: Small-scale Private Providersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Long-term maintenance of collectively-used water schemes can be difficult for various reasons, including the lack of long-term commitment by NGOs, social cohesion, technical capacity, financial resources and management capacity. This is observed in the slums of Côte d'Ivoire where 'water pipes installed earlier were dilapidated' (Obrist et al, 2006). In the peri-urban settlements of Yombo Dovya and Tungi in Dar es Salaam, some traditional wells and pumps deteriorated and were eventually abandoned over time for various reasons (Kyessi, 2005).…”

Section: Urban Community-managed Projectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Access to Water in the Slums of Sub‐Saharan Africa

Dagdeviren

Robertson

2011

Development Policy Review

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This article reviews the changing perspectives for improving access to water in the slums of developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. While much of the literature continues to maintain an aversion to state-led urban development policies, there is now increasing emphasis on the importance of informal, small-scale providers and communitarian initiatives, following the many failures of privatisation. The article argues that market-oriented solutions are inappropriate for sub-Saharan African countries where over two-thirds of the urban population live in squatter settlements with multidimensional challenges.

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Section: The Context and Recent Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Small-scale Private Providersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Urban Community-managed Projectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Access to Water in the Slums of Sub‐Saharan Africa

Dagdeviren

Robertson

2011

Development Policy Review

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“…Potable water is considered an essential component of individual and collective hygiene and close associations have been observed with sanitation (Obrist et al, 2006;Batram and Cairncross, 2010;Hunter et al, 2010). As a result, the influence of water (and sanitation and hygiene) on health is undeniable (Batram and Cairncross, 2010;Freeman et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water quality and health in a Sahelian semi-arid urban context: an integrated geographical approach in Nouakchott, Mauritania

Traoré

Utzinger

et al. 2013

Geospat Health

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Abstract. Access to sufficient quantities of safe drinking water is a human right. Moreover, access to clean water is of public health relevance, particularly in semi-arid and Sahelian cities due to the risks of water contamination and transmission of water-borne diseases. We conducted a study in Nouakchott, the capital of Mauritania, to deepen the understanding of diarrhoeal incidence in space and time. We used an integrated geographical approach, combining socio-environmental, microbiological and epidemiological data from various sources, including spatially explicit surveys, laboratory analysis of water samples and reported diarrhoeal episodes. A geospatial technique was applied to determine the environmental and microbiological risk factors that govern diarrhoeal transmission. Statistical and cartographic analyses revealed concentration of unimproved sources of drinking water in the most densely populated areas of the city, coupled with a daily water allocation below the recommended standard of 20 l per person. Bacteriological analysis indicated that 93% of the non-piped water sources supplied at water points were contaminated with 10-80 coliform bacteria per 100 ml. Diarrhoea was the second most important disease reported at health centres, accounting for 12.8% of health care service consultations on average. Diarrhoeal episodes were concentrated in municipalities with the largest number of contaminated water sources. Environmental factors (e.g. lack of improved water sources) and bacteriological aspects (e.g. water contamination with coliform bacteria) are the main drivers explaining the spatio-temporal distribution of diarrhoea. We conclude that integrating environmental, microbiological and epidemiological variables with statistical regression models facilitates risk profiling of diarrhoeal diseases. Modes of water supply and water contamination were the main drivers of diarrhoea in this semi-arid urban context of Nouakchott, and hence require a strategy to improve water quality at the various levels of the supply chain.

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“…In the following sections, I explore how sanitary reform went hand‐in‐hand with social reform and class distinction in 19th century Europe and North America . Hygiene practices, contingent on centralized sewerage access, became and continue to serve as signs of urban citizenship, particularly through felt and enacted distance from excreta and associated stench …”

Section: Sewers and The Demonstration Of Classmentioning

confidence: 99%

My pipes say I am powerful: belonging and class as constructed through our sewers

Morales

2015

WIREs Water

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This review examines the social and political roots and ongoing implications of centralized, waterborne sewerage. This system has served as a marker of class, a signal of wealth and political power, and a mechanism of social reform. As sewerage networks ballooned in the mid‐19th century throughout Europe and North America in response to a growing public health movement, their use and attendant hygiene practices served to intertwine physical and moral hygiene. The new infrastructure prioritized a felt distance between the user and their excreta, particularly signaled by the absence of odor, access to privacy, and the disassociation of users from any part of the management process beyond the flush of the toilet. Furthermore, the resource intensive system advertised affluence, and emphasized emerging notions of the networked urban space, which had the potential to tame and control Nature. This infrastructure model and its social and political underpinnings were exported to many cities under colonial influence throughout much of the 19th and 20th centuries, and were used to justify class differentiation and racialized agendas. Differential sewerage access in municipal centers of the Global South today continues to serve as a marker of class distinction, and many modern scholars explore how lack of sewerage renders the urban poor politically invisible. Ultimately, consideration of the social and political legacy of the linear sewerage system may offer new ways forward in addressing urban sanitation crises faced across the globe today, including problems posed by aging, unsustainable, and insufficient infrastructure. WIREs Water 2016, 3:63–73. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1108 This article is categorized under: Human Water > Value of Water

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Interconnected Slums: Water, Sanitation and Health in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire

Cited by 38 publications

References 10 publications

Access to Water in the Slums of Sub‐Saharan Africa

Access to Water in the Slums of Sub‐Saharan Africa

Water quality and health in a Sahelian semi-arid urban context: an integrated geographical approach in Nouakchott, Mauritania

My pipes say I am powerful: belonging and class as constructed through our sewers

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