Intercellular transmission of Seneca Valley virus mediated by exosomes

Abstract

Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is a non-encapsulated single-stranded positive-strand RNA virus whose transmission routes have not yet been fully elucidated. Exosomes have been implicated in the intercellular transport of a variety of materials, such as proteins, RNA, and liposomes. However, whether exosomes can mediate SVV intercellular transmission remains unknown. In this study, we extracted exosomes from SVV-infected IBRS-2 cells to investigate intercellular transmission. Our results suggest that the intercellular transmission of SVV is mediated by exosomes. The results of co-localization and RT-qPCR studies showed that exosomes harbor SVV and enable the virus to proliferate in both susceptible and non-susceptible cells. Furthermore, the replication of SVV was inhibited when IBRS-2 cells were treated with interfering RNA Rab27a and exosome inhibitor GW4869. Finally, neutralization experiments were performed to further verify whether the virus was encapsulated by the exosomes that mediated transmission between cells. It was found that exosome-mediated intercellular transmission was not blocked by SVV-specific neutralizing antibodies. This study reveals a new transmission route of SVV and provides clear evidence regarding the pathogenesis of SVV, information which can also be useful for identifying therapeutic interventions.

Can a Torque Teno Virus (TTV) Be a Naked DNA Particle Without a Virion Structure?

“…From these findings, it can be inferred that TTV may have established infection through exosomes in the cell culture supernatant. Although the molecular mechanisms have not been fully identified, the potential for DNA viruses such as herpes simplex type 1, human herpesvirus 6, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and Kaposi's sarcomaassociated herpesvirus (47); adenovirus (48); and RNA viruses such as hepatitis C virus (49), dengue virus (50), Zika virus (51), Seneca valley virus (52), and respiratory syncytial virus (53), to become intercellularly transmitted/spread through exosomes has been established. It has also been found that the rice dwarf virus (54), tick-borne Langat virus (55), and dengue virus (56) are transmitted from insects to plant phloem/human cells through the exosomes of insects.…”

Functional Analysis and Proteomics Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles From Swine Plasma Infected by African Swine Fever Virus

“…Extracellular vesicles mediate the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. Our previous studies also found that extracellular vesicles mediate the transmission of FMDV and SVV (Zhang et al, 2019;Xu et al, 2020a;Xu et al, 2020b). Extracellular vesicles contain complete virus particles which can directly mediate viral spread.…”

“…Studies have shown that ASFV cannot replicate in PK-15 cells. Our previous studies have found that FMDV-exosomes and SVV-exosomes mediate the spread of FMDV and SVV, respectively ( Xu et al, 2020a ; Xu et al, 2020b ). We extracted extracellular vesicles from the plasma of ASFV-negative and ASFV-infected pigs, and the extracted extracellular vesicles (25ng) were added to susceptible (BMDM) and non-susceptible (PK-15, HEK-293T) cells before inoculation with ASFV.…”

“…There are significant differences in the biological functions of exosomes from different cell sources, which are often related to the stimulation of secreting cells by external factors that cause changes of bioactive substances significantly such as RNA, proteins, and liposomes in the cell ( Colombo et al, 2014 ; Maas et al, 2017 ). Extracellular vesicles have several characteristics like certain viruses, including biogenesis, cellular uptake, and the transfer of functional RNA, mRNA, and proteins between cells ( Meckes and Raab-Traub, 2011 ; Yao et al, 2018 ; Neerukonda et al, 2019 ; Zhang et al, 2019 ; Mao et al, 2020 ; Xu et al, 2020a ; Luong and Olson, 2021 ; Xu et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ). The differences between extracellular vesicles and some viruses include self-replication after infecting new cells, temporarily regulated viral expression, and the complexity of viral entry ( Alenquer and Amorim, 2015 ).…”

Correction to: Intercellular transmission of Seneca Valley virus mediated by exosomes

“…Following publication of the original article [1], the authors identified that the author Haixue Zheng should be corresponding author.…”