“…Since there is some evidence for the efficacy of anthropomorphic characters with spoken, as opposed to written, feedback (e.g., Heidig & Clarebout, 2011;Lusk & Atkinson, 2007), the PA in the current study was designed as an animated, speaking mouse with anthropomorphic features in appearance and speech. Unlike digital reading tutors in other programs, the PA in the current study did not teach specific strategies such as self-questioning or identification of main ideas, followed by elaborate feedback, as students tried to apply the learned strategy (e.g., Meyer et al, 2010;Mich, Pianta, & Mana, 2013;Sung, Chang, & Huang, 2008). Unlike other reading support systems such as Meyer et al (2010), who provided explicit instruction on how to identify and use text structures, or Sung et al (2008) who instructed students about concept mapping and highlighting important messages, the current study did not provide explicit instruction on reading strategies.…”