“…It also entails having a good understanding of students' prior knowledge and skills that can be built on, the common difficulties students have after traditional lecturebased instruction [63], [64], and consideration of how to leverage the diverse prior preparation of students effectively. For example, education research has studied students working in small groups on collaborative group problem solving, tutorials and clicker questions [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72] using approaches in which individual accountability has been integrated with positive interdependence, e.g., through grade incentives. These methods have been shown to improve learning outcomes for all students.…”