Interactive effects of water and nitrogen stresses on carbon and water vapor exchange of corn canopies

Jones, James W.; Zur, B.; Bennett, J. M.

doi:10.1016/0168-1923(86)90053-5

Cited by 55 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Several lines of evidence suggest that changes in management practices, cultivar properties and crop choice associated with more intensive land use would lead to elevated evapotranspiration rates, even for rainfed croplands. Widespread increases in fertilization have largely alleviated nitrogen stress, which can otherwise reduce photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, leaf area index and root development 32,33 , resulting in decreased magnitude 32,34 and duration 34 of peak evapotranspiration in the field. Evapotranspiration can also be affected by the frequency of fallow 17 , planting density 35 and shifts in crop types 36 .…”

Section: Cropland Intensification Is Associated With Coolingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cooling of US Midwest summer temperature extremes from cropland intensification

et al. 2015

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High temperature extremes during the growing season can reduce agricultural production. At the same time, agricultural practices can modify temperatures by altering the surface energy budget. Here we identify centennial trends towards more favourable growing conditions in the US Midwest, including cooler summer temperature extremes and increased precipitation, and investigate the origins of these shifts. Statistically significant correspondence is found between the cooling pattern and trends in cropland intensification, as well as with trends towards greater irrigated land over a small subset of the domain. Land conversion to cropland, often considered an important influence on historical temperatures, is not significantly associated with cooling. We suggest that agricultural intensification increases the potential for evapotranspiration, leading to cooler temperatures and contributing to increased precipitation. The tendency for greater evapotranspiration on hotter days is consistent with our finding that cooling trends are greatest for the highest temperature percentiles. Temperatures over rainfed croplands show no cooling trend during drought conditions, consistent with evapotranspiration requiring adequate soil moisture, and implying that modern drought events feature greater warming as baseline cooler temperatures revert to historically high extremes. I ncreasing population, rising per capita food demand, and limited availability of arable land all point to a need to achieve greater crop productivity 1 . Climate change, however, may compromise the ability to sustain growth in crop yields 2 , in part owing to expected increases in damaging extreme temperatures 3-5 . Yet agricultural areas are subject to substantial local, as well as global, climate forcings, as changes in agricultural land cover and land management can alter the surface energy balance and influence temperatures 6-20 . Against this backdrop, it is relevant to examine historical trends in growing-season climate, especially in the most important growing regions. We focus on the US Midwest because it exhibits the most vigorous crop growth anywhere on the planet during the peak of the growing season ( Fig. 1), and because of the availability of detailed weather and crop data. Centennial trends in Midwest summer climateAlthough overall US temperature trends are towards warming over the past century, the hottest temperatures observed during the growing season in the US Midwest have actually cooled. We examine temperature since 1910 as a balance between duration and availability of continuous data, and use quantile regression of daily maximum temperature records from weather stations to assess trends across multiple percentiles (see Methods). Trends in hot summer temperatures are evaluated using the 95th percentile, and are of particular interest because of the negative effects of high temperatures on yield 3-5 . Midwest cooling is less evident in median temperature trends, and temperatures are generally warming at the 5th percentile (Fig. 2a,b). The...

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Section: Cropland Intensification Is Associated With Coolingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cooling of US Midwest summer temperature extremes from cropland intensification

et al. 2015

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“…Drought is the major factor limiting plant productivity leading to a reduction of CO 2 uptake at leaf (Saccardy et al 1996(Saccardy et al , 1998 and canopy levels (Suyker et al 2004) and reducing plant growth (Jones et al 1986;Wolfe et al 1988;Xianshi et al 1998;Brevedan and Egli 2003;Earl and Davis 2003;Ç akir 2004). However, the effect of drought on corn depends not only on stress severity but also on the developmental stage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Growth and gas exchange response to water shortage of a maize crop on different soil types

et al. 2008

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The effect of water shortage on growth and gas\ud exchange of maize grown on sandy soil (SS) and clay soil\ud was studied. The lower soil water content in the SS during\ud vegetative growth stages did not affect plant height, aboveground\ud biomass, and leaf area index (LAI). LAI reduction\ud was observed on the SS during the reproductive stage due\ud to early leaf senescence. Canopy and leaf gas exchanges,\ud measured by eddy correlation technique and by a portable\ud photosynthetic system, respectively, were affected by\ud water stress and a greater reduction in net photosynthetic\ud rate (AN) and stomatal conductance (gs) was observed on\ud SS. Chlorophyll and carotenoids content was not affected\ud by water shortage in either condition. Results support two\ud main conclusions: (1) leaf photosynthetic capacity was\ud unaffected by water stress, and (2) maize effectively\ud endured water shortage during the vegetative growth stage

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“…This phenomenon is known as photoinhibition (Powles 1984;Long et al 1994) and may negatively influence both crop productivity and dry matter production. At canopy level, water stress induces a reduction in leaf area expansion, by temporary leaf wilting or rolling and by early leaf senescence (Jones et al 1986;Wolfe et al 1988;Xianshi et al 1988;Brevedan and Egli 2003); the consequent reduction in leaf area index (LAI) determine a decrease in absorption of incident PAR in the canopy. Another aspect related to the effects of water stress on canopy is the reduction in efficiency by which absorbed PAR is used to produce dry matter, determining a decline in the instantaneous whole-canopy net CO 2 exchange rate per unit absorbed PAR (Jones et al 1986;Stone et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At canopy level, water stress induces a reduction in leaf area expansion, by temporary leaf wilting or rolling and by early leaf senescence (Jones et al 1986;Wolfe et al 1988;Xianshi et al 1988;Brevedan and Egli 2003); the consequent reduction in leaf area index (LAI) determine a decrease in absorption of incident PAR in the canopy. Another aspect related to the effects of water stress on canopy is the reduction in efficiency by which absorbed PAR is used to produce dry matter, determining a decline in the instantaneous whole-canopy net CO 2 exchange rate per unit absorbed PAR (Jones et al 1986;Stone et al 2001). At leaf level, if water stress is not severe, a depression in CO 2 uptake can be observed as a consequence of a reduced stomatal conductance (Sinclair et al 1975;Saccardy et al 1996Saccardy et al , 1998Hirasawa and Hsiao 1999;Soares et al 2005) without impairments of the photosynthetic apparatus, due to morphological and physiological adaptations, such as the increase of photosynthetic membranes stability (Quartacci et al 1995;Navari-Izzo et al 2000) and the ability of photosynthetic apparatus to safely dissipate the fraction of absorbed radiation that cannot be used in photosynthesis (Niyogi 2000;Ort and Baker 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of water stress on gas exchange of field grown Zea mays L. in Southern Italy: an analysis at canopy and leaf level

Vitale

Tommasi²,

Arena

et al. 2007

Acta Physiol Plant

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Zea mays is cultivated in the Mediterranean regions where summer drought may lead to photoinhibition\ud when irrigation is not available. In this work the response of maize to water stress was evaluated by gas exchange measurements at the canopy and leaf level. Leaf gas exchange was assessed before, during and after water stress, while canopy turbulent fluxes of mass and energy were performed on a continuous basis. In the early growth period, a linear increment of net ecosystem photosynthetic rate\ud (PNE) to incoming of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was found and net leaf photosynthetic rate (PNL) showed the tendency to saturate under high irradiance. During water stress, the relationship between PNE and PPFD became curvilinear and both PNE and PNL saturated in a range between 1,000 and 1,500 lmol (photons) m–2 s–1. Leaf water potential (wl) dropped from –1.50 to –1.88 MPa during water stress, indicating that leaf and canopy gas exchanges were limited by stomatal conductance. With the restoration of irrigation, PNE, PNL and wl showed a recovery, and PNE and PNL reached the highest values of whole study period. Leaf area index (LAI) reached a value of 3.0 m2 m–2. The relationship between PNE and PPFD remained curvilinear and PNE values were lower than those of a typical well-irrigated maize crop. The recovery in PNE and PNL after stress, and wl values during stress indicate that\ud the photosynthetic apparatus was not damaged while soil moisture stress after-effects resulted in a sub-optimal LAI values, which in turn depressed PNE

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Interactive effects of water and nitrogen stresses on carbon and water vapor exchange of corn canopies

Cited by 55 publications

References 14 publications

Cooling of US Midwest summer temperature extremes from cropland intensification

Cooling of US Midwest summer temperature extremes from cropland intensification

Growth and gas exchange response to water shortage of a maize crop on different soil types

Effects of water stress on gas exchange of field grown Zea mays L. in Southern Italy: an analysis at canopy and leaf level

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