Interactive effects of plant-available soil silicon and herbivory on competition between two grass species

Garbuzov, Mihail; Reidinger, Stefan; Hartley, Susan

doi:10.1093/aob/mcr230

Cited by 53 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(82 reference statements)

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“…Once metabolized, silicon can provide a physical defense based on the mechanical properties of opaline silica (Garbuzov et al, 2011). Silicon concentrations within a grass species are not static but can increase when the plant is under herbivore attack (Massey et al, 2007), suggesting that there is a fitness cost associated with this defense (Garbuzov et al, 2011). It is thought that silicon defense fitness costs might place the plant at a disadvantage against its competitors in the absence of herbivores (Hanley and Sykes, 2009).…”

Section: Silicon Supplementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Perennial Ryegrass Endophytes and Their Potential Use in the Management of African Black Beetle in Perennial Grazing Systems in Australia

et al. 2017

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The major insect pest of Australian cool temperate pastures is the root-feeding insect Heteronychus arator (African black beetle, ABB). Significant pasture damage can occur even at low ABB densities (11 individuals per square meter), and often re-sowing of the whole paddock is required. Mitigation of the effects of pasture pests, and in particular subterranean species such as the larval form of ABB, can be challenging. Early detection is limited by the ability to visualize above-ground symptoms, and chemical control of insects in soil is often ineffective. This review takes a look at the historical events that molded the pastoral landscape in Australia. The importation route, changes in land management and pasture composition by European settlers may have aided the establishment of ABB in Australia. Perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne is discussed as it is one of the most important perennial agricultural grasses and is widely-sown in moderate-to-high-rainfall temperate zones of the world. Endophytic fungi from the genus Epichloë form symbiotic relationships with cool season grasses such as Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass). They have been studied extensively and are well documented for enhancing persistence in pasture via a suite of bioactive secondary metabolites produced by the fungal symbionts. Several well-characterized secondary metabolites are discussed. Some can have negative effects on cattle (e.g., ergovaline and lolitrems) while others have been shown to benefit the host plant through deterrence of insect pests from feeding and by insecticidal activity (e.g., peramine, lolines, ergopeptines). Various control methods for ABB are also discussed, with a focus on the potential role of asexual Epichloë endophytes.

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Section: Silicon Supplementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Perennial Ryegrass Endophytes and Their Potential Use in the Management of African Black Beetle in Perennial Grazing Systems in Australia

et al. 2017

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“…Si application to crops has been reported to enhance their tolerance of multiple stresses (Ma, 2004;Guntzer, 2011), including pests and pathogens (Garbuzov et al, 2011;Dallagnol et al, 2012), metal toxicity (Rizwan et al, 2012;Habibi, 2014a), salt and water stress (Hattori et al, 2005;Liu et al, 2014). The mechanisms underlying silicon's capacity to increase stress resistance are still poorly understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exogenous silicon leads to increased antioxidant capacity in freezing-stressed pistachio leaves

Habibi

2015

AAS

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Freezing stress limits photosynthesis and growth of plants. This may be attributed to the enhancement of freezingassociated oxidative damage. In this study, we followed precisely changes in the extent of lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage in leaves of pistachio (Pistacia vera 'Ahmadaghaii') plants exposed to foliar-applied silicon (Si) under freezing stress. The foliar-applied Si decreased significantly damaging effects of cold on relative water content (RWC), accompanied by an increase in shoot fresh mass (SFM). In addition, pre-Si treatment caused a significant reduction of the leaf area lost by freezing. There was a remarkable increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity during recovery. Since leaf phenolic content was not affected by supplementary Si, the possibility that exogenously applied Si directly influences the activity of PAL seems thin. In the present work, freezing stress caused great membrane damage, as assessed by lipid peroxidation, but Si application significantly reduced the membrane damage because of an efficient scavenging by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD). Under freezing, despite the increasing POD activity, Si-supplied plants accumulated the highest levels of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) may act as a signal for recovery ability from freezing injury. A positive correlation was found between the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the percentage of necrotic leaf area. This study suggests that the possible mechanisms for Si enhanced freezing resistance may be attributed to the higher antioxidant defense activity and lower lipid peroxidation through leaf water retention, in addition to its role as a mere physical barrier.Key words: antioxidant enzymes, cold stress, Evans dye, hydrogen peroxide, phenylalanine ammonialyase, Pistacia vera, malondialdehyde, relative water content IZVLEČEK TRETIRANJE LISTOV PISTACIJE (Pistacia vera 'Ahmadaghaii') S SILICIJEM POVEČA NJIHOVO ANTIOKSIDATIVNO SPOSOBNOST V MRAZNEM STRESUMrazni stres omejuje fotosintezo in rast rastlin, kar lahko pripišemo povečanju oksidativnih poškodb zaradi zmrzovanja. V raziskavi sta bili spremljani peroksidacija lipidov in oksidativne poškodbe listov pistacije (Pistacia vera 'Ahmadaghaii') izpostavljenih mraznem stresu in foliarnem tretmaju s silicijem (Si). Foliarna uporaba silicija je značilno zmanjšala učinke mraza na ravni relativne vsebnosti vode (RWC), kar je povzročilo povečanje sveže mase poganjkov (SFM). Dodatno je predtretiranje s Si povzročilo značilno zmanjšanje izgube listne površine zaradi zmrzovana. Med okrevanjem po mraznem stresu je bila opazno povečana aktivnost fenilalanin amonik-liaze (PAL). Zaradi nespremenjene vsebnosti fenolov v listih po aplikaciji Si je maloverjetno, da bi foliarno dodani Si neposredno vplival na aktivnost PAL. Mrazni stres je povzročil velike poškodbe membran, ki so bile ocenjene s peroksidacijo lipidov, a jih je uporaba Si značilno zmanjšala zaradi učinkovitega antioksidativnega delovanja superoksid dismutaze (SOD) in peroksidaze (POD). Kljub ...

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“…Induction of increased Si uptake and accumulation following herbivory damage has been observed in several grass species, exposed to vertebrate [1,29] and invertebrate [29,30] herbivores, as well as following artificial leaf clipping [22,23,29,31]. Nonetheless, this induction was not observed in some laboratory experiments that were conducted on other grass species exposed to locusts [32] and artificial clipping [29,31,[33][34][35], possibly because exposure periods were too short to initiate a Si uptake response or to allow Si accumulation [29]. In their literature survey, Quigley and Anderson [33] show that although increased Si uptake and deposition is commonly observed in plants that are exposed to real herbivores, exceptions are not rare.…”

Section: Herbivorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Silicon and Phytolith Contents as Affected by Water Availability and Herbivory: Integrating Laboratory Experimentation and Natural Habitat Studies

Katz

Lev‐Yadun

Bar

2015

Silicon

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Purpose When studying the effects of environmental variables on plant Si contents, results of laboratory and field experiments do not always agree with each other. However, new insights into the roles silicon plays in plant life can be gained if both approaches are integrated. Methods Experimental and natural-habitat studies of the effects of water availability and herbivory on plant silicon contents are reviewed and integrated. Results Although higher water availability is expected to have a positive effect on plant silicon contents, naturallygrowing plants often have high silicon contents when grown under drought conditions. Likewise, although experimentation suggests that herbivory has a positive effect on plant silicon contents, such a correlation is not often found in nature. Conclusions Stronger effects of multiple environmental variables or selection in favour of constitutive silicon uptake and deposition as protection from drought and grazing stresses are the reasonable causes of discrepancies between experimental and natural-habitat studies.

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Interactive effects of plant-available soil silicon and herbivory on competition between two grass species

Abstract: It is concluded that a complex interplay between herbivore abundance, growth-defence trade-offs and the availability of soil silicon in the grasses' local environment affects the outcome of inter-specific competition, and so has the potential to impact on plant community structure.

Cited by 53 publications

References 72 publications

A Review of Perennial Ryegrass Endophytes and Their Potential Use in the Management of African Black Beetle in Perennial Grazing Systems in Australia

A Review of Perennial Ryegrass Endophytes and Their Potential Use in the Management of African Black Beetle in Perennial Grazing Systems in Australia

Exogenous silicon leads to increased antioxidant capacity in freezing-stressed pistachio leaves

Plant Silicon and Phytolith Contents as Affected by Water Availability and Herbivory: Integrating Laboratory Experimentation and Natural Habitat Studies

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