Interactive effects of dietary astaxanthin and cholesterol on the growth, pigmentation, fatty acid analysis, immune response and stress resistance of kuruma shrimp ( Marsupenaeus japonicus )

Abstract

A 56‐day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the interactive effects of chemically synthesized astaxanthin (Ax) and cholesterol (CHO) on the performances of kuruma shrimp juveniles. Six experimental diets containing 2 levels of Ax (0 and 0.6 g/kg diet) and 3 levels of CHO (0, 6 and 20 g/kg diet) were formulated in 2 × 3 factorial design. The results indicated that the interactions between dietary CHO and Ax were not significant on survival, growth performances, body proximate analysis, immune response and freshwater stress test. Significantly, better pigmentation performances and Ax contents of different parts of juveniles (whole body, muscle, carapace and head) were observed in higher Ax (Ax0.6)‐supplemented groups. Meanwhile, interactions of dietary Ax and CHO were also found on colour reading parameters and whole‐body Ax contents. In addition, juveniles fed with the diet containing Ax at 0.6 g/kg diet in addition to CHO at 0, 6 and 20 g/kg diet showed better performances on digestive enzyme activities (protease, lipase and amylase) of hepatopancreas than 0 g Ax/kg diet supplemented with CHO at 0, 6 and 20 g/kg diet. It was concluded that dietary Ax and CHO functioned interactively.

Dietary protein and astaxanthin levels on growth performance, hepatopancreas antioxidant capacity and immunity of giant freshwater prawn ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii )

“…Xing et al (2010) demonstrated that the synthesis of astaxanthin in Phaffia rhodozyma cells was closely related to the metabolism of protein and fatty acids (Xing et al, 2010). Several other studies identified an interaction between astaxanthin and vitamin E, cholesterol or Lactococcus lactis in growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity in aquatic animals (Liu et al, 2022; Wang, Ishikawa, Koshio, Yokoyama, Dawood, Hossain, & Moss, 2019; Wang, Ishikawa, Koshio, Yokoyama, Dawood, Hossain, & Zaineldin, 2019; Wang, Xiong, et al, 2019). Some studies have involved the carotenoid‐protein interaction in bird feather coloration, functional food emulsion and crustacyanin (Krawczyk & Britton, 2001; Mendes‐Pinto et al, 2012; Wackerbarth et al, 2009) or considered different levels of protein combined with astaxanthin in diet simultaneously while feeding Cyprinus carpio L .…”

“…Feeding Cyprinus carpio L . and Hyphessobrycon callistus with a defined amount of astaxanthin increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes significantly (Wang et al, 2006; Wang, Ishikawa, Koshio, Yokoyama, Dawood, Hossain, & Moss, 2019; Wang, Ishikawa, Koshio, Yokoyama, Dawood, Hossain, & Zaineldin, 2019; Wang, Xiong, et al, 2019). GSH‐Px is an important peroxidase decomposing enzyme widely distributed in the body, which is responsible for neutralizing organic and inorganic hydroperoxides.…”

“…AKP can participate in the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in growth and development, thereby indirectly promoting non‐specific immunity (Bi et al, 2017). Studies determined that dietary astaxanthin can significantly improve the immune performance of Penaeus monodon (Okai & Higashi‐Okai, 1996; Wang, Ishikawa, Koshio, Yokoyama, Dawood, Hossain, & Moss, 2019; Wang, Ishikawa, Koshio, Yokoyama, Dawood, Hossain, & Zaineldin, 2019; Wang, Xiong, et al, 2019). However, when Eriocheir sinensis was fed with astaxanthin, the AKP and ACP activities among treatments decreased significantly compared with the control, which was consistent with the results of our experiment where AKP and ACP activity declined with the up‐graded astaxanthin content (Ma et al, 2017).…”

Effects of Dietary Phaffia rhodozyma Astaxanthin on Growth Performance, Carotenoid Analysis, Biochemical and Immune-Physiological Parameters, Intestinal Microbiota, and Disease Resistance in Penaeus monodon

“…Currently, commercial production of Ast is dominated by synthetic Ast because of its relatively lower production costs compared with the other alternatives ( Saini and Keum, 2018 ). Over the years, an increasing number of reports have revealed the positive correlations between dietary synthetic Ast supplementation and growth performance and survival, or either of them in different species of aquatic animals ( Wade et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2019 ). A few studies have been conducted to evaluate the P. rhodozyma Ast on growth performance due to its production capacity limitation.…”

“…Hemolymph samples were centrifuged at 4,000 rpm, at 4°C for 10 min, and the serum was separated and collected from supernatants. Weighted hepatopancreas samples were homogenized with shrimp saline solution in an ice-water bath ( Wang et al, 2019 ). After total protein (TP) content was quantified, serum and hepatopancreas samples were used to determine the activities of antioxidant (superoxide dismutase SOD, catalase CAT, total antioxidant capacity T-AOC, and malondialdehyde MDA), and non-specific immune enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase AST, alanine aminotransferase ALT, and alkaline phosphatase AKP).…”