Interactive effect of high sodium intake with increased serum triglycerides on hypertension

Abstract

Background A high salt diet is associated with the development of hypertension, one of the most important cardiovascular risk factors. A reduction in sodium intake seems to have an effect on increasing serum triglycerides (TGs). Elevated TGs are independently linked to cardiovascular risk. However, there is limited evidence of a possible interactive effect of sodium intake and serum TGs on high blood pressure (BP). Methods We conducted a nationwide, population-based interaction analysis using the Kawasaki method for estimating 24-h urinary sodium excretion (e24hUNaE Kawasaki) as a candidate indicator of dietary sodium intake. All native Koreans aged 20 years or older without significant medical illness were eligible for inclusion. Results A total of 16936 participants were divided into quintiles according to their e24hUNaE Kawasaki results. Participants in the highest quintile were more obese and hypertensive and had higher white blood cell count, lower hemoglobin, greater glycemic exposure, and poor lipid profiles compared to the same parameters of individuals in other quintiles. Linear regression revealed that e24UNaE Kawasaki was related to systolic BP, diastolic BP, and TGs. Multiple logistic regression, adjusted for dietary sodium intake and various conventional risk factors for chronic vascular diseases, showed that both e24UNaE Kawasaki and TGs were significant predictors of hypertension. Our interaction analysis demonstrated that increased sodium intake was associated with higher risk of hypertension in participants with elevated TGs than in those without (adjusted RERI = 0.022, 95% CI = 0.

Evaluation of Nutritional Ingredients, Biologically Active Materials, and Pharmacological Activities of Stropharia rugosoannulata Grown under the Bamboo Forest and in the Greenhouse

“…e most abundant mineral element was K both in BFSR and GHSR, which agreed with the previous reports [5,33]. e Na/K ratios in BFSR and GHSR were 0.037 and 0.020, respectively, which was very low and indicated that it was an advantage from the nutritional point of view, because the intake of sodium chloride and diets with a high Na/K ratio have been related to the incidence of hypertension [34].…”

Parkia biglobosa aqueous extract ameliorates risk markers of cardiometabolic diseases in spironolactone treated and high-salt fed Sprague-Dawley male rat

“…In addition, the mechanism by which HSD increases triglycerides is still controversial but it is well known that high salt intake impairs lipid metabolism [9]. Interestingly, administration of Sp to HSD-fed animals did not normalize dyslipidaemia.…”

“…Moreover, HSD caused a signi cant decrease in plasma concentration of high-density lipoprotein and a signi cant increase in plasma concentrations of triglycerides, low density lipoprotein and total cholesterol, thus, showing an overt dyslipidaemia. Dyslipidaemia has been reported in different studies in association with metabolic syndrome, cardiometabolic dysfunction and salt-induced hypertension [9,24].…”

“…HSD alters the metabolic functions of the body system via increase in plasma sodium concentration and expansion of extracellular volume which subsequently lead to increased blood pressure [4,5]. Also, several researches have shown that incessant intake of HSD may result into dysregulations of the cardiovascular systems, leading to uid overload, in ammation, elevated serum triglyceride and cholesterol, decreased vascular bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) which cause several endothelial and metabolic dysfunctions in the blood vessels and heart [6][7][8][9]. Moreover, studies have shown that HSD triggers elevated uric acid (hyperuricaemia) which is already known as an independent risk factor of cardiometabolic diseases [10,11].…”

Food Habits/Preferences among Adults in a Tertiary Healthcare Institute

“…The good effects of fruits (Zhao et al, 2017) and vegetables (Blekkenhorst et al, 2018) are widely reported for their ultimate anti-atherogenic effects (Yusuf et al, 2004). Salty food increases the chance of developing hypertension (Rust & Ekmekcioglu, 2017;Choi et al, 2020), and fatty food causes hyperlipidemia (Kreisberg et al, 2005;Carson et al, 2020;Chiu et al, 2017). Sweetened foods increase the risk of cardiovascular events (Janzi et al, 2020), diabetes (Tseng et al, 2021), acne (Penso et al, 2020), and obesity Faruque et al, 2019).…”