Interactions of sugars with membranes

Crowe, John H.; Crowe, Lois M.; Carpenter, John F.; Rudolph, Alan S.; Wiström, Christina Aurell; Spargo, Barry J.; Anchordoguy, Thomas J.

doi:10.1016/0304-4157(88)90015-9

Cited by 555 publications

(323 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…The contributors best known to prevent freezing include polyols such as glycerol and the insect blood sugar trehalose that function colligatively to depress the body's supercooling point and noncolligatively to stabilize proteins and cellular membranes (6). A few insects also have the capacity to synthesize antifreeze proteins, first described from Antarctic fish (7), that function noncolligatively in the hemolymph to decrease the insect's supercooling point (8).…”

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Up-regulation of heat shock proteins is essential for cold survival during insect diapause

Rinehart

Yocum

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

476

409

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Diapause, the dormancy common to overwintering insects, evokes a unique pattern of gene expression. In the flesh fly, most, but not all, of the fly's heat shock proteins (Hsps) are up-regulated. The diapause up-regulated Hsps include two members of the Hsp70 family, one member of the Hsp60 family (TCP-1), at least four members of the small Hsp family, and a small Hsp pseudogene. Expression of an Hsp70 cognate, Hsc70, is uninfluenced by diapause, and Hsp90 is actually down-regulated during diapause, thus diapause differs from common stress responses that elicit synchronous up-regulation of all Hsps. Up-regulation of the Hsps begins at the onset of diapause, persists throughout the overwintering period, and ceases within hours after the fly receives the signal to reinitiate development. The up-regulation of Hsps appears to be common to diapause in species representing diverse insect orders including Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera as well as in diapauses that occur in different developmental stages (embryo, larva, pupa, adult). Suppressing expression of Hsp23 and Hsp70 in flies by using RNAi did not alter the decision to enter diapause or the duration of diapause, but it had a profound effect on the pupa's ability to survive low temperatures. We thus propose that up-regulation of Hsps during diapause is a major factor contributing to cold-hardiness of overwintering insects.cold tolerance ͉ overwintering ͉ stress proteins ͉ RNAi

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confidence: 99%

Up-regulation of heat shock proteins is essential for cold survival during insect diapause

Rinehart

Yocum

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

476

409

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“…As water leaves a cell that does not tolerate desiccation, many events occur: solutes become more concentrated, possibly increasing the rate of destructive chemical reactions; some solutes may crystallize, changing the ionic strength and pH ofthe intracellular solution; proteins become denatured, many irreversibly; and membranes become disrupted, leading to the loss of compartmentation. It has been suggested that the presence of large amounts of soluble sugars within a cell can prevent the damaging effects of desiccation (2). Soluble sugars are known to form hydrogen bonds and thus may substitute for water in maintaining hydrophilic structures in their hydrated orientation, even when water is no longer present (2).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…It has been suggested that the presence of large amounts of soluble sugars within a cell can prevent the damaging effects of desiccation (2). Soluble sugars are known to form hydrogen bonds and thus may substitute for water in maintaining hydrophilic structures in their hydrated orientation, even when water is no longer present (2). Water replacement by soluble sugars has been demonstrated in model systems, where soluble sugars were able to preserve the functional integrity, measured as Ca2+-ATPase activity, of desiccated microsomes through a dehydration/rehydration cycle (2).…”

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Glass Formation and Desiccation Tolerance in Seeds

Koster¹

1991

Plant Physiol.

241

158

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The formation of intracellular glass may help protect embryos from damage due to desiccation. Soluble sugars similar to those found in desiccation tolerant embryos were studied with differential scanning calorimetry. Those sugars from desiccation tolerant embryos can form glasses at ambient temperatures, whereas those from embryos that do not tolerate desiccation only form glasses at subzero temperatures. It is concluded that tolerant embryo cells probably contain sugar glasses at storage temperatures and water contents, but intolerant embryo cells probably do not.The ability to survive the desiccated state is the result of adaptations that prevent cellular destruction during the withdrawal of water. As water leaves a cell that does not tolerate desiccation, many events occur: solutes become more concentrated, possibly increasing the rate of destructive chemical reactions; some solutes may crystallize, changing the ionic strength and pH ofthe intracellular solution; proteins become denatured, many irreversibly; and membranes become disrupted, leading to the loss of compartmentation. It has been suggested that the presence of large amounts of soluble sugars within a cell can prevent the damaging effects of desiccation (2). Soluble sugars are known to form hydrogen bonds and thus may substitute for water in maintaining hydrophilic structures in their hydrated orientation, even when water is no longer present (2). Water replacement by soluble sugars has been demonstrated in model systems, where soluble sugars were able to preserve the functional integrity, measured as Ca2+-ATPase activity, of desiccated microsomes through a dehydration/rehydration cycle (2).Another mechanism by which sugars may act to protect the cell during desiccation is by the formation of an intracellular glass (5 the solution is called a glass. A glass is essentially an undercooled liquid; therefore, its existence is temperature dependent. A solution that exists as a glass at one temperature will melt at a higher temperature, giving rise to a liquid and the possibility of crystallization (3).The benefits of glass formation, or vitrification, to an organism undergoing water loss are many. Glasses preclude chemical reactions requiring diffusion, thus ensuring stability during a period of dormancy; they fill space, and thus by sheer bulk may prevent cellular collapse; an amorphous glass may trap chaotropic solutes, preventing their becoming concentrated; and glasses may permit the continuance of hydrogen bonding at the interface between the glass and hydrophilic surfaces in the cell (1). These properties would help ensure the survival of an organism during a period of desiccation.Using DSC3, Williams and Leopold (10) found evidence of a glass-like state in desiccated corn embryos. Transitions similar to those made by glasses were detected in both the lipid and nonlipid portions of the embryo, and it was hypothesized that the soluble sugar component of the embryo was responsible for the nonlipid glass transition (10). Soluble sugars compri...

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“…improve membrane stability (Crowe et al, 1988;Steponkus, 1984). Smaller sugar molecules help membranes to osmotically retain water and may enter the interlamellar space to maintain a degree of hydration and increase the separation between membranes, thus reducing compressive stresses and, consequently, reducing the chance of a fluid-gel phase transition (Wolfe & Bryant, 1999).…”

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confidence: 99%