Interactions of staphyloxanthin and enterobactin with myeloperoxidase and reactive chlorine species

Coker, Melanie S A; Forbes, Louisa V.; Plowman-Holmes, Matthew; Murdoch, David R.; Winterbourn, Christine C.

doi:10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.039

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…This blockade was specific to apo-Ent, but not iron-laden Ent; moreover, other siderophores including salmochelin, yersiniabactin and ferrichrome did not exhibit the analogous inhibition, even when at higher concentrations [73]. Following this observation, another study by Coker et al employed a more comprehensive array of MPO activity assays to elucidate the functional interactions between Ent and MPO [74]. The study, however, asserts that Ent is unlikely to inhibit the activity of MPO, at least not directly per se , but instead function as a substrate for MPO-catalyzed reactions [74].…”

Section: Siderophores Outsmart the Innate Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following this observation, another study by Coker et al employed a more comprehensive array of MPO activity assays to elucidate the functional interactions between Ent and MPO [74]. The study, however, asserts that Ent is unlikely to inhibit the activity of MPO, at least not directly per se , but instead function as a substrate for MPO-catalyzed reactions [74]. Although Coker et al did not examine whether Ent could inhibit MPO- and neutrophil-mediated bacterial killing [74], other studies which document that Ent could do so [72,73] argue that this siderophore may have other indirect mechanisms to alter MPO and neutrophil activity.…”

Section: Siderophores Outsmart the Innate Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Iron Tug-of-War between Bacterial Siderophores and Innate Immunity

2019

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Iron is necessary for the survival of almost all aerobic organisms. In the mammalian host, iron is a required cofactor for the assembly of functional iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster proteins, heme-binding proteins and ribonucleotide reductases that regulate various functions, including heme synthesis, oxygen transport and DNA synthesis. However, the bioavailability of iron is low due to its insolubility under aerobic conditions. Moreover, the host coordinates a nutritional immune response to restrict the accessibility of iron against potential pathogens. To counter nutritional immunity, most commensal and pathogenic bacteria synthesize and secrete small iron chelators termed siderophores. Siderophores have potent affinity for iron, which allows them to seize the essential metal from the host iron-binding proteins. To safeguard against iron thievery, the host relies upon the innate immune protein, lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), which could sequester catecholate-type siderophores and thus impede bacterial growth. However, certain bacteria are capable of outmaneuvering the host by either producing “stealth” siderophores or by expressing competitive antagonists that bind Lcn2 in lieu of siderophores. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying the complex iron tug-of-war between host and bacteria with an emphasis on how host innate immunity responds to siderophores.

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Section: Siderophores Outsmart the Innate Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Siderophores Outsmart the Innate Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

The Iron Tug-of-War between Bacterial Siderophores and Innate Immunity

2019

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“…Furthermore, there was undetectable oxidation of the staphyloxanthin, the golden pigment of S. aureus, when these bacteria were phagocytosed and killed by neutrophils, despite this carotenoid being bleached at lethal doses of the oxidant (21). However, the major limitation of our studies with S. aureus is that chlorination of tyrosine residues and staphyloxanthin is slow compared with other reactions of hypochlorous acid (8,21). Chlorination should account for a small percentage only of the amount of oxidant that reacted with bacteria.…”

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Exposure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to bactericidal hypochlorous acid during neutrophil phagocytosis is compromised in cystic fibrosis

Dickerhof

Isles

Pattemore

et al. 2019

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Myeloperoxidase is a major neutrophil antimicrobial protein, but its role in immunity is often overlooked because individuals deficient in this enzyme are usually in good health. Within neutrophil phagosomes, myeloperoxidase uses superoxide generated by the NADPH oxidase to oxidize chloride to the potent bactericidal oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl). In this study, using phagocytosis assays and LC-MS analyses, we monitored GSH oxidation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa to gauge their exposure to HOCl inside phagosomes. Doses of reagent HOCl that killed most of the bacteria oxidized half the cells' GSH, producing mainly glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and other low-molecular-weight disulfides. Glutathione sulfonamide (GSA), a HOCl-specific product, was also formed. When neutrophils phagocytosed P. aeruginosa, half of the bacterial GSH was lost. Bacterial GSA production indicated that HOCl had reacted with the bacterial cells, oxidized their GSH, and was sufficient to be solely responsible for bacterial killing. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase lowered GSA formation in the bacterial cells, but the bacteria were still killed, presumably by compensatory nonoxidative mechanisms. Of note, bacterial GSA formation in neutrophils from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) was normal during early phagocytosis, but it was diminished at later time points, which was mirrored by a small decrease in bacterial killing. In conclusion, myeloperoxidase generates sufficient HOCl within neutrophil phagosomes to kill ingested bacteria. The unusual kinetics of phagosomal HOCl production in CF neutrophils confirm a role for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in maintaining HOCl production in neutrophil phagosomes.

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“…skin diseases (folliculitis, furunculosis, dermatitis) and invasive diseases such as pneumonia, osteomyelitis and sepsis as well as many others, including food poisoning 30 . S. aureus is Gram-positive bacterium whose characteristic feature is the presence of staphyloxanthin, a carotenoid pigment that gives these bacteria a golden colour of their colonies and exhibits antioxidant properties, protecting them from reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by neutrophils 31 .…”

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Inhibition of interaction between Staphylococcus aureus α-hemolysin and erythrocytes membrane by hydrolysable tannins: structure-related activity study

Olchowik-Grabarek

Sękowski

Bitiucki

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The objective of the study was a comparative analysis of the antihemolytic activity against two Staphylococcus aureus strains (8325-4 and NCTC 5655) as well as α-hemolysin and of the membrane modifying action of four hydrolysable tannins with different molecular mass and flexibility: 3,6-bis-O-di-O-galloyl-1,2,4-triO -galloyl-β-d-glucose (T1), 1,2,3,4,5-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (T2), 3-O-galloyl-1,2-valoneoyl-β-d-glucose (T3) and 1,2-di-O-galloyl-4,6-valoneoyl-β-d-glucose (T4). We showed that all the compounds studied manifested antihemolytic effects in the range of 5-50 µM concentrations. However, the degree of the reduction of hemolysis by the investigated tannins was not uniform. A valoneoyl group-containing compounds (T3 and T4) were less active. Inhibition of the hemolysis induced by α-hemolysin was also noticed on preincubated with the tannins and subsequently washed erythrocytes. In this case the efficiency again depended on the tannin structure and could be represented by the following order: T1 > T2 > T4 > T3. We also found a relationship between the degree of antihemolytic activity of the tannins studied and their capacity to increase the ordering parameter of the erythrocyte membrane outer layer and to change zeta potential. Overall, our study showed a potential of the T1 and T2 tannins as anti-virulence agents. The results of this study using tannins with different combinations of molecular mass and flexibility shed additional light on the role of tannin structure in activity manifestation. Over the past few years, a significant increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics and transference of resistance genes from animal to human strains has become a global medical problem. Therefore, constant search for new antimicrobial agents among them being compounds of plant origin, including polyphenols, is ongoing 1,2. In addition to the antibiotic approaches of combating bacteria, anti-virulence strategies have also been considered recently. An anti-virulent strategy assumes a direct effect of compounds on virulent factors by reducing

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Interactions of staphyloxanthin and enterobactin with myeloperoxidase and reactive chlorine species

Cited by 16 publications

References 44 publications

The Iron Tug-of-War between Bacterial Siderophores and Innate Immunity

The Iron Tug-of-War between Bacterial Siderophores and Innate Immunity

Exposure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to bactericidal hypochlorous acid during neutrophil phagocytosis is compromised in cystic fibrosis

Inhibition of interaction between Staphylococcus aureus α-hemolysin and erythrocytes membrane by hydrolysable tannins: structure-related activity study

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