“…The start point of all these studies was the isolation of E. coil mutants that could not propagate bacteriophage A and the characterization of the cot-nally identified as functions essential for A DNA replication [1,2]. The groEL and groES genes (whose gene products form the GroEL chaperone machine; see below) were originaUy shown to be indispensable for the head morphogenesis of bacteriophage A [1,2]. Much later, it was shown that the DnaK, DnaJ, GrpE, GroEL and GroES are all universally conserved proteins, belonging to the so-called 'heat shock', or 'stress' class of proteins, and play fundamental and indispensable roles in protein folding, polypeptide transport, protein disaggregation and regulation of the heat shock response [5,6].…”