Interactions between the processing of gaze direction and facial expression

Ganel, Tzvi; Goshen‐Gottstein, Yonatan; Goodale, Melvyn A.

doi:10.1016/j.visres.2004.06.025

Cited by 77 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This asymmetry was most likely because of the relative discriminability of gaze and emotion, because our reaction time analysis indicated that participants were faster at making emotion judgments than gaze judgments. Comparison of the angry faces used in this experiment and in Ganel et al (2005) by a certified FACS coder (R.G.) confirmed that the angry face used in this experiment was more intense than those used in Ganel et al (2005) and strengthens our previous finding that baseline discriminability can have an impact on results (see Appendix).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…However, the conditions under which the two processes interact and the extent and nature of these interactions remain unclear. The goal of the present study was to provide behavioral evidence of gaze and expression interactions using the Garner selective attention paradigm, extending the results of Ganel et al (2005) in three directions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 82%

“…To this end, we used a well-normed database of faces thought to be panculturally representative of basic facial expressions of emotion (Ekman & Friesen, 1976) and used different combinations of facial expressions than those used in Ganel et al (2005).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Garner interference reveals dependencies between emotional expression and gaze in face perception.

Graham¹,

LaBar²

2007

Emotion

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The relationship between facial expression and gaze processing was investigated with the Garner selective attention paradigm. In Experiment 1, participants performed expression judgments without interference from gaze, but expression interfered with gaze judgments. Experiment 2 replicated these results across different emotions. In both experiments, expression judgments occurred faster than gaze judgments, suggesting that expression was processed before gaze could interfere. In Experiments 3 and 4, the difficulty of the emotion discrimination was increased in two different ways. In both cases, gaze interfered with emotion judgments and vice versa. Furthermore, increasing the difficulty of the emotion discrimination resulted in gaze and expression interactions. Results indicate that expression and gaze interactions are modulated by discriminability. Whereas expression generally interferes with gaze judgments, gaze direction modulates expression processing only when facial emotion is difficult to discriminate.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

mentioning

confidence: 82%

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Garner interference reveals dependencies between emotional expression and gaze in face perception.

Graham¹,

LaBar²

2007

Emotion

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“…Cueing stimuli were derived from photographs of one male face displaying happy, fearful, angry or neutral expression, selected from Ekman and Facial expressions of one actor only were presented to prevent unwarranted effects of variations in identity of face stimuli (Ganel et al 2005). Hair and non-facial areas were removed so that only the central face area was visible.…”

Section: Stimuli and Pr Ocedur Ementioning

confidence: 99%

“Avoiding or approaching eyes”? Introversion/extraversion affects the gaze-cueing effect

et al. 2013

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We investigated whether the extra-/introversion personality dimension can influence processing eye gaze direction and emotional facial expression during a target detection task. On the basis of previous evidence showing that self-reported trait anxiety can affect gaze-cueing with emotional faces, we also verified whether trait anxiety can modulate the influence of intro-/extraversion on behavioral performance. Fearful, happy, angry or neutral faces, with either direct or averted gaze, were presented before the target appeared in spatial locations congruent or incongruent with eye gaze direction. Results showed a significant influence of intra-/extraversion dimension on gaze-cueing effect for angry, happy and neutral faces with averted gaze.Introverts did not show the gaze congruency effect when viewing angry expressions, but did so with happy and neutral faces; extraverts showed the opposite pattern. Importantly, the influence of introextraversion on gaze-cueing was not mediated by trait anxiety. These findings demonstrated that personality differences can shape processing of interactions between relevant social signals.

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“…The social dimensions of eye movements are again attracting the interests of researchers (Ganel et al 2005). It is clear that the experimental study of faces has a rich history on which to draw.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Faces in Perception

Wade

2013

Perception

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Faces in PerceptionThe experimental study of face perception has expanded enormously in the lifetime of Perception; and this theme issue looks back, via papers that have been published in its pages, at some of the 'see' changes that have occurred since its birth in 1972. It is not the intention of this theme issue to provide a review of research on face perception. Indeed, this would be impossible because face research has been published in many journals. Moreover, an excellent review of the recent literature can be found in Calder et al (2011). Rather, the development of research is reflected in the papers reprinted, which highlight the stimulus materials, methods, and theoretical concerns that have engaged researchers over about a 30-year period. The papers are selected from the 'deep archive' of Perception-that is, from the period of more than 10 years ago. Since there is a historical dimension to the selection presented, I will commence with a look even further back to some of the origins of research on faces.Faces not only fascinate us but they also provide vital clues to our social interactions. It is not surprising, therefore, that artists have tried to capture this fascination since the dawn of depiction. What is considered to be one of the earliest extant pictorial representations of the human face dates from around 27 000 years ago, and it was found in a cave near Angoulême, France (Henry-Gambier et al 2007). It consists of three lines that could represent an eye, nose, and mouth, and these are painted on a flat piece of rock that approximates the shape of a head. There are earlier examples of three-dimensional models of human bodies, but the distillation of depth onto a flat surface was a major achievement of mankind. We cannot be certain that it was intended to be a picture of a face because we can see faces in almost everything, from clouds to flames. Faces can be distinguished by their simple symmetry and orientation; arrangements of dots and lines can be recognised as faces even though the elements of the configuration are anything but face-like. Indeed, much of the early experimental work did involve highly simplified (schematic) faces (Brunswik and Reiter 1937). The same oval outline contained four simple structures-single lines for the nose and mouth, together with elliptical eyes. The separation of the eyes, the length of the nose, and the height of the mouth were varied systematically to yield 189 faces. Observers were requested to rank the faces according to characteristics such as narrow-minded, joyful, embittered, sad, and sarcastic, and there was reasonable agreement over which faces had these attributes.The scientific study of faces was revolutionised by photography in the mid-19th century. Facial expressions were photographed before aspects of face recognition were investigated. Guillaume-Benjamin Duchenne (1862) photographed an actor as well as others while either stimulating the face electrically or simulating a variety of expressions. He considered that the expressions elicited by th...

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Interactions between the processing of gaze direction and facial expression

Cited by 77 publications

References 14 publications

Garner interference reveals dependencies between emotional expression and gaze in face perception.

Garner interference reveals dependencies between emotional expression and gaze in face perception.

“Avoiding or approaching eyes”? Introversion/extraversion affects the gaze-cueing effect

Faces in Perception

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