Interactions between the lung microbiome and host immunity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Abstract

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common chronic respiratory disease and the third leading cause of death worldwide. Developments in next-generation sequencing technology have improved microbiome analysis, which is increasingly recognized as an important component of disease management. Similar to the gut, the lung is a biosphere containing billions of microbial communities. The lung microbiome plays an important role in regulating and maintaining the host immune system. The microbiome composition, metabolites of microorganisms, and the interactions between the lung microbiome and the host immunity profoundly affect the occurrence, development, treatment, and prognosis of COPD. In this review, we drew comparisons between the lung microbiome of healthy individuals and that of patients with COPD. Furthermore, we summarize the intrinsic interactions between the host and the overall lung microbiome, focusing on the underlying mechanisms linking the microbiome to the host innate and adaptive immune response pathways. Finally, we discuss the possibility of using the microbiome as a biomarker to determine the stage and prognosis of COPD and the feasibility of developing a novel, safe, and effective therapeutic target. K E Y W O R D S adaptive immune response, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, innate immune response, microbiome Highlights• The lung microbiome of healthy individuals is compared to that of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). • The role of the lung microbiome in the pathogenesis of COPD and host immune alterations is discussed. • The most representative studies are presented for accuracy and comprehensiveness. | INTRODUCTIONChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, preventable, and treatable chronic lung disease that poses a substantial burden on global health and the economy. According to the results of a 27-year global cohort study published in The Lancet, the top three causes of death worldwide in 2017 were cardiovascular disease (31.8% of all death causes), cancer (17.1% of all death causes), and chronic respiratory

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“…Moreover, the structural integrity of lung tissue undergoes compromise, resulting in emphysematous changes typified by the degradation of parenchymal tissue, thereby diminishing elasticity and impairing gas exchange function. The disruption of physiological repair mechanisms and defense responses prompts inflammatory processes and fibrotic scarring within the confines of small airways, thereby exacerbating bronchiolar pathology [ 11 ].…”