Interactions between the Gut Microbiome, Lung Conditions, and Coronary Heart Disease and How Probiotics Affect These

Abstract

The importance of a healthy microbiome cannot be overemphasized. Disturbances in its composition can lead to a variety of symptoms that can extend to other organs. Likewise, acute or chronic conditions in other organs can affect the composition and physiology of the gut microbiome. Here, we discuss interorgan communication along the gut–lung axis, as well as interactions between lung and coronary heart diseases and between cardiovascular disease and the gut microbiome. This triangle of organs, which also affects the clinical outcome of COVID-19 infections, is connected by means of numerous receptors and effectors, including immune cells and immune-modulating factors such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and trimethlamine–N–oxide (TMAO). The gut microbiome plays an important role in each of these, thus affecting the health of the lungs and the heart, and this interplay occurs in both directions. The gut microbiome can be influenced by the oral uptake of probiotics. With an improved understanding of the mechanisms responsible for interorgan communication, we can start to define what requirements an ‘ideal’ probiotic should have and its role in this triangle.

The Potential of Gut Microbiota in Prediction of Stroke-Associated Pneumonia

“…As a stress event, the stroke will activate the sympathetic nervous system, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, and enteric nervous system, increasing the permeability of the intestinal mucosal barrier and the translocation of gut microbiota [ 20 , 31 ]. With the close association between the gut and the lung, gut dysbiosis could influence pulmonary health [ 32 ]. Chen et al reported that commensal gut microbiota played a vital role in immune defense against Escherichia Coli pneumonia by inducing the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR) and activation of nuclear factor κB [ 33 ].…”

Role of the renin–angiotensin system in the pathophysiology of coronary heart disease and heart failure: Diagnostic biomarkers and therapy with drugs and natural products

“…Furthermore, greater serum concentrations of FGF23 were found to be linearly associated with the total atherosclerosis burden (Mirza et al, 2009), heart failure, and also, an all-cause mortality (Udell et al, 2014) (Parker et al, 2010). B. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)-TMAO produced by the gut microbiota in body has been directly co-related with atherosclerotic heart disease (Wassenaar et al, 2021) (Schiattarella et al, 2017) (Stubbs et al, 2016). It is known to increase vascular inflammation by activating NF-κB (Seldin (Liu et al, 2019).…”

Probiotics: Protecting Our Health from the Gut

“…Although there are several studies describing the ability of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics to reduce clinical severity in other respiratory diseases, for COVID-19, there are not yet any conclusive results [ 250 ]. A study by Ceccarelli et al, consisting of a cohort of patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, characterized their GM.…”