“…It was initially proposed for seawater immersion corrosion but has since been shown to be applicable also to brackish and fresh waters [5] and for both 'uniform' and pitting corrosion [1]. It includes oxygen depolarization for the early stages of corrosion during which time also microbiological activity in the biofilm on the metal surface may contribute to corrosion [6,7].…”
This paper presents an interpretation of corrosion loss data for mild steel coupons exposed for up to 2.6 years to freshwater under a range of dissolved oxygen levels and temperatures 50-60°C. The water total alkalinity was 0.5-0.6 mmol/L and pH 8.7-9.2. It is shown herein that the data is consistent with the early stages of the corrosion loss model proposed earlier for steel exposed to seawater, brackish water or freshwaters in the usual environmental range of 0-30°C. The new data was found to be consistent with the effect of dissolved oxygen and the effect of water hardness on the model.
“…It was initially proposed for seawater immersion corrosion but has since been shown to be applicable also to brackish and fresh waters [5] and for both 'uniform' and pitting corrosion [1]. It includes oxygen depolarization for the early stages of corrosion during which time also microbiological activity in the biofilm on the metal surface may contribute to corrosion [6,7].…”
This paper presents an interpretation of corrosion loss data for mild steel coupons exposed for up to 2.6 years to freshwater under a range of dissolved oxygen levels and temperatures 50-60°C. The water total alkalinity was 0.5-0.6 mmol/L and pH 8.7-9.2. It is shown herein that the data is consistent with the early stages of the corrosion loss model proposed earlier for steel exposed to seawater, brackish water or freshwaters in the usual environmental range of 0-30°C. The new data was found to be consistent with the effect of dissolved oxygen and the effect of water hardness on the model.
“…Here it can be claimed that even if the bacterial growth was reduced due to the presence of the corrosion inhibitor (previously stated in Section 3.1.2), SRM concentration was sufficient to induce FeS formation and consequently pitting pattern. Iron sulphides could form a continuous film on the surface of the steel whose thickness and structure could confer protective or adherent properties [33,34].…”
Section: Tablementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Ruptures in this film could also lead to a system of enhanced galvanic corrosion [34], which may lead to pit formations. On the other hand, a comparison of the impedance magnitudes in the abiotic systems of the two mediums tested shows that they are smaller in ASW than in MIXED water.…”
Present in all environments, microorganisms develop biofilms adjacent to the metallic structures creating corrosion conditions which may cause production failures that are of great economic impact to the industry. The most common practice in the oil and gas industry to annihilate these biofilms is the mechanical cleaning known as "pigging". In the present work, microorganisms from the "pigging" operation debris are tested biologically and electrochemically to analyse their effect on the corrosion of carbon steel. Results in the presence of bacteria display the formation of black corrosion products allegedly FeS and a sudden increase (more than 400mV) of the corrosion potential of electrode immersed in artificial seawater or in field water (produced water mixed with aquifer seawater). Impedance tests provided information about the mechanisms of the interface carbon steel/bacteria depending on the medium used: mass transfer limitation in artificial seawater was observed whereas that in field water was only charge transfer phenomenon. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) results proved that bacterial diversity decreased when cultivating the debris in the media used and suggested that the bacteria involved in the whole set of results are mainly sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) and some other bacteria that make part of the taxonomic order Clostridiales.
“…The presence of SRB in an anaerobic, aqueous environment, can increase the rate of corrosion fourfold when compared to oxygenated conditions [7]. In aerobic conditions however, an initial population of aerobic bacteria can consume oxygen creating an anaerobic environment in the centre of the biofilm [8,9]. Once locally anaerobic conditions form, SRB can grow and reproduce, using nutrients excreted by the aerobic bacteria.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, investigations into the application of gemini surfactants as biocorrosion inhibitors is limited, and there is a lack of electrochemical information about their ability to mitigate biological corrosion [11,12]. Biocorrosion on carbon steel has been well studied, [9,26] however, this study aims to examine the effects of gemini surfactants on pretreated carbon steel with iron phosphates. The phosphating procedure is used as a pretreatment for additional applications such as coatings, paintings or lubricants, and therefore ubiquitously present.…”
Biocorrosion is an important type of corrosion which leads to economic losses across oli and gas industries, due to increased monitoring, maintenance, and a reduction in platform availability. Anaerobic sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) are known to accelerate the rate of corrosion tenfold, by secreting specific enzymes. Mitigation strategies include: (i) cleaning procedures; (ii) addition of microbiocides; (iii) antifouling coatings and (iv) cathodic protection. Ideally, a chemical compound engineered to mitigate against biocorrosion would possess both antimicrobial properties, as well as efficient corrosion inhibition. Gemini surfactants have shown efficacy in both of these properties, however there still remains a lack of electrochemical information regarding biocorrosion inhibition. The inhibition of corrosion and biocorrosion, by cationic gemini surfactants, of carbon steel was investigated. The results showed that the inhibition efficiency of the gemini surfactants was high (consistently > 95 %), even at low concentrations, with the most efficient concentration being above the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Gemini surfactants also showed strong antimicrobial activity, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (0.018 mM). Corrosion inhibition was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and linear polarisation resistance (LPR), with biocorrosion experiments carried out in an anaerobic environment. Surface morphology was analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
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